Chapter 12 (410 - 422) Flashcards
cultural tools
any tools that help us to calculate, produce models, make predictions and understand the world more fully, e.g., abacuses, slide rules, calculators and computers
orthography
a writing system. orthography is used to describe any aspect of print or, more loosely, spelling
alphabetic
script a writing system in which written symbols (letters) correspond to spoken sounds; generally, individual phonemes represent the individual letters of an alphabetic script
morpheme
a unit of meaning
syllabary
the name given to a language that relies heavily on on syllables for meaning
mora
a rhythmic unit in languages like Japanese that can be either a syllable or part of a syllable. in english a mora roughly corresponds to a consonant-vowel syllable with a short vowel, e.g., ‘the’
syllable
the smallest unit of a word whose pronunciation forms a rhythmic break when spoken
phonological skills
ability to detect and manipulate sounds at the phonetic, syllabic and intra-syllabic levels; being able to detect the individual sounds (phoneme, onsets, and rimes, syllables) in words
intrasyllabic units
units of speech that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes. onset and rime are two examples of intrasyllabic units
onset
the onset of a syllable is the consonant, cluster of consonants, or vowel at the beginning of a syllable. the onset of ‘hat’ is h, and ‘st’ is the onset of ‘stair’
rime
the vowel sound of a syllable plus any consonants that follow. the rime of ‘hat’ is ‘at’, and the rime of ‘stair’ is ‘air’
rhyme
words rhyme with each other when they share a rime - ‘cat’ and ‘hat’ rhyme because they have the rime ‘at’ in common
letter-sound associations
where one letter represents one sound or phoneme
conditional spelling rules
rules which determine that a letter, or a group of letters, represent one sound in one context and another sound in another different context
pseudo-words
a non-existent but pronounceable non-word, such as ‘slosbon’ or ‘wug’, often used in psychological experiments
morpho-phonemic
a description of orthographies in which there are regular relationships between letters or groups of letters and morphemes as well as sounds
derivational morphemes
affixes that create new words which are called ‘derived’ words. for example, ‘health’ is a noun which is created by adding the derivational suffix ‘th’ to the verb ‘heal’, and ‘logical’ is an adjective created by adding ‘-al’ to the noun ‘logic’
genitive
a possessive word, for example the apostrophe + ‘s’ in ‘the boy’s jumper’ indicates that the jumper belongs to the boy
inflectional morphemes
affixes whose presence, and also whose absence, provide essential information about words. for example, in english the presence of the suffix ‘s’ at the end of a noun tells you that the noun is in the plural and its absence tells you that it is in the singular
