Chapter 12

Question 0

Polyploid

Answer 0

Cells and organisms that contain more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes

Question 1

Sex chromosome

Answer 1

A chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds

Question 2

X chromosome

Answer 2

A sex chromosome, two of which are normally present in female cells (XX) and only one in male

Question 3

Aneuploidy

Answer 3

A condition in which the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell is not an exact multiple of the monoploid number a specific species
-has more or fewer chromosomes than normal

Question 4

Y chromosome

Answer 4

A sex chromosome that is normally present in only male cells (XY)

Question 5

Translocation

Answer 5

A chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between no homologous chromosomes

Question 6

Autosome

Answer 6

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Question 7

Deletion

Answer 7

The loss or absence of a section from a nucleic acid molecule or chromosome

Question 8

Recessive disorder

Answer 8

Two copies of an abnormal genre (recessive) must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop (yy)

Question 9

Nondisjunction

Answer 9

Failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes on the daughter nuclei

Question 10

Autosomal recessive disorder

Answer 10

Two copies of an abnormal gene must be present I order for this disease or trait to develop

• on autosomes (not connected with sex cells)
• ex) sickle cell anemia

Question 11

Down’s syndrome

Answer 11

A congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature and a broad facial profile
-have 3 copies of chromosome 21 (extra copy; Aneuploidy)

Question 12

Carrier

Answer 12

An organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but does not display that trait or show symptoms
-can be passed on to later generations

Question 13

Karyotype

Answer 13

The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species

Question 14

Dominant disorder

Answer 14

Only one mutated copy of the gene will be necessary for a person to be affected by an autosomal
-ex) Yy will still show the trait

Question 15

Duplication

Answer 15

A DNA segment in a chromosome that is a copy of another segment

• ex) ABCDEF ➡️ ABCBCDEF
• an alteration of chromosome structure

Question 16

Inversion

Answer 16

An alteration of chromosome structure where things get flipped around
-ex) ABCDEFGH ➡️ ADCBEFGH

Question 17

Pedigree

Answer 17

The recorded ancestry of a person or family

-shows the alleles each person has for a specific trait

Question 18

What is meant when we say genes are linked?

Answer 18

If genes are linked, they are located on the same chromosome

Question 19

What are the four alterations that can occur in chromosome structure?

Answer 19

• deletion
• duplication
• inversion
• reciprocal translocation (pieces get cut out and trade with other chromosomes)