chapter 12

Question 1

life history:

Answer 1

the timing and duration of key events in an organisms life

Question 2

what are examples of life history?

Answer 2

• age at first reproduction
• number and size of offspring
  reproductive lifespan

Question 3

what are examples of life history trade offs?

Answer 3

• fitness is a life long measurement
• time and energy are limited resources
  the resources invested in ones own life (survival, repair, growth, reproduction) limit the resources available for other aspects
• natural selection selects the ‘best’ strategy given when available, not the ‘perfect’ strategy

Question 4

what can be said about life history traits?

Answer 4

they are heritable and have a genetic component to them

Question 5

what could selection account for?

Answer 5

-maximizing the number of offspring surviving to maturity

Question 6

what is extrinsic mortality ?

Answer 6

the likelihood of offspring survival to different age classes

Question 7

what has a strong effect on fitness?

Answer 7

mutations that affect early life

Question 8

is it possible for beneficial mutations early in life to outweigh costs later in life?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

how does the number of offspring produced influence parental investment ?

Answer 9

more offspring means less parental investment

Question 10

are males or females more likely to provide parental care after fertilization?

Answer 10

females

Question 11

anisogamy

Answer 11

males have less parental investment initially

Question 12

what time are parental relationships to men have?

Answer 12

uncertain paternity

Question 13

what in one way that organisms could maximize fitness?

Answer 13

regulate the sex ratio and the number off offspring

Question 14

what are ways an organism could regulate the number of offspring?

Answer 14

spontaneous abortion and cannibalism

Question 15

what type of organism cannibalizes their eggs?

Answer 15

sand gobies

Question 16

what does phenotype sex demonstrate?

Answer 16

frequency dependent selection

Question 17

when is a sex favored?

Answer 17

when its more rare- more mating opportunities

Question 18

trivers-willard hypothesis

Answer 18

mother can alter sex ratio of offspring based on condition to maximize fitness

Question 19

what sex is produced when a female is in a poor condition?

Answer 19

more females

Question 20

which sex is produced more when females are in good conditions?

Answer 20

more males

Question 21

how is sex ratio dependent upon body condition in feral horses?

Answer 21

when horse is in good healthy body conditions, she produces more males

Question 22

in seychelles warblers, what sex is favored when resources are high?

Answer 22

females because they are ‘helpers of the nest’

Question 23

in seychelles warblers, what sex is favored when resources are low?

Answer 23

males because they leave the nest

Question 24

that is unique about the sex of blue streak cleaner wrasse?

Answer 24

they can determine sex as an adult

Question 25

what is an example of parental conflict in the eurasian penduline tit?

Answer 25

both sexes can increase fitness by leaving partner to provide care. females hide eggs from males - leaving the nest means that sex can reproduce moe

Question 26

what is gestational diabetes an example of ?

Answer 26

parent-offspring conflict

Question 27

how does gestational diabetes occur?

Answer 27

human embryos release hormones that increases the length of time sugar stays in the blood stream, causing the mother to produce more insulin but if its not enough then gestational diabetes develops

Question 28

example of sibling-sibling conflict in american coots

Answer 28

parents produce more offspring than they can provide for, then feed the most brightly colored ones.

Question 29

what is the parent of origin effect?

Answer 29

genes can have different phenotypic effects depending on which parent they inherited from

Question 30

what causes the parent of origin effect?

Answer 30

genomic imprinting (methylation by one parent)

Question 31

what can genomic conflict be considered?

Answer 31

a molecular version of parental conflict

Question 32

are phenotypes post reproduction subject to natural selection?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what is associated with the detention of tissues, cells, chromosomes, and proteins?

Answer 33

senescence

Question 34

what happens with mutations that are associated with a long life?

Answer 34

reduce fitness

Question 35

menopause

Answer 35

end of fertility in an organisms lifespan

Question 36

where is menopause seen?

Answer 36

only in humans and 4 whale species

Question 37

mother hypothesis

Answer 37

risk of reproduction at older ages selects for reduced fertility, higher investment in current off spring

Question 38

grandmother hypothesis

Answer 38

loss of fertility associated with short in investment to grandchildren.