Chapter 1.2

Question 1

Who are generally credited as the founders of psychology as a science?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt and William James

Question 2

What did Wilhelm Wundt publish in 1873?

Answer 2

Principles of Physiological Psychology

Question 3

What method did Wundt use to study conscious experience?

Answer 3

Introspection (or internal perception)

Question 4

What is voluntarism in the context of Wundt’s beliefs?

Answer 4

The belief that people have free will and should know the intentions of a psychological experiment

Question 5

What did Edward Titchener develop after studying under Wundt?

Answer 5

Structuralism

Question 6

What was the primary focus of structuralism?

Answer 6

The contents of mental processes rather than their function

Question 7

What did William James contribute to psychology?

Answer 7

He established functionalism, focusing on the function of behavior in the world

Question 8

True or False: Functionalism was more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than individual parts.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What theory did Freud develop that focused on the unconscious mind?

Answer 9

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 10

What was Freud’s view on the unconscious mind?

Answer 10

It is a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness

Question 11

What technique did Freud use to access the unconscious?

Answer 11

Dream analysis and examinations of first words or slips of the tongue

Question 12

Who were the key figures in Gestalt psychology?

Answer 12

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler

Question 13

What does the term Gestalt mean?

Answer 13

Whole

Question 14

What did Gestalt psychology emphasize?

Answer 14

The relationship of individual parts to the whole in perception

Question 15

Who is known for classical conditioning?

Answer 15

Ivan Pavlov

Question 16

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 16

A form of learning where a reflex response is elicited by a new stimulus after association with an original stimulus

Question 17

Who is considered the father of behaviorism?

Answer 17

John B. Watson

Question 18

What did Watson believe about the study of consciousness?

Answer 18

He believed it was flawed and preferred to focus on observable behavior

Question 19

What is behaviorism?

Answer 19

An approach that focuses on observing and controlling behavior

Question 20

Who developed the operant conditioning chamber?

Answer 20

B.F. Skinner

Question 21

What is the purpose of the Skinner box?

Answer 21

To study behavior modification through reinforcement and punishment

Question 22

What perspective emerged in psychology emphasizing personal control and the potential for good?

Answer 22

Humanism

Question 23

Who are the two most well-known proponents of humanistic psychology?

Answer 23

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Question 24

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 24

A theory that proposes basic needs must be met before higher-level needs motivate behavior

Question 25

What is self-actualization according to Maslow?

Answer 25

The process of achieving one's full potential

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Gestalt psychology focuses on the _____ rather than the sum of its parts.

Answer 26

whole

Question 27

True or False: Behaviorism is primarily concerned with the study of consciousness.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

What did Freud popularize that is still used in therapy today?

Answer 28

The method of psychoanalysis

Question 29

What is the main criticism of Freud's ideas?

Answer 29

They are often seen as controversial and outdated

Question 30

What research approach did humanistic psychology reject?

Answer 30

Reductionist experimentation in the tradition of the physical and biological sciences ## Footnote This approach was criticized for missing the “whole” human being.

Question 31

Who are the two key figures in humanistic psychology?

Answer 31

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers ## Footnote Both emphasized the potential for good within all people.

Question 32

What is the primary focus of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 32

Human needs organized from basic physiological needs to self-actualization ## Footnote The levels include physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 33

What therapeutic technique did Carl Rogers develop?

Answer 33

Client-centered therapy ## Footnote This approach involves the patient taking a lead role in therapy sessions.

Question 34

What are the three features a therapist must display in client-centered therapy according to Rogers?

Answer 34

* Unconditional positive regard * Genuineness * Empathy

Question 35

What significant movement re-established the focus on the mind in psychology?

Answer 35

The cognitive revolution ## Footnote This movement emerged in the 1950s and was influenced by linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science.

Question 36

Who published the first textbook entitled Cognitive Psychology?

Answer 36

Ulric Neisser in 1967 ## Footnote This textbook became a core text in cognitive psychology courses.

Question 37

What was Noam Chomsky's contribution to psychology?

Answer 37

He criticized behaviorism and advocated for the inclusion of mental functioning in psychology ## Footnote Chomsky's ideas were influential in the cognitive revolution.

Question 38

What impact did the cognitive revolution have on international psychology?

Answer 38

It helped reestablish communication between European and American psychologists ## Footnote It also fostered cooperation between psychologists and scientists in other fields.

Question 39

What critique did Naomi Weisstein present in 1968?

Answer 39

A critique of psychology as a science, highlighting male biases in the study of women ## Footnote Her work stimulated a feminist revolution in psychology.

Question 40

What are some feminist approaches identified by Crawford & Marecek?

Answer 40

* Re-evaluating contributions of women to psychology * Studying psychological gender differences * Questioning male bias in scientific practices

Question 41

What does WEIRD stand for in psychological research contexts?

Answer 41

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic ## Footnote WEIRD societies have been over-studied in psychological research.

Question 42

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the U.S.?

Answer 42

Francis Cecil Sumner ## Footnote He established a psychology degree program at Howard University.

Question 43

What was the significance of Mamie and Kenneth Clark's research?

Answer 43

Their studies on African American children and doll preference influenced the Brown v. Board of Education case ## Footnote They opened the first child guidance center in Harlem.

Question 44

Who was the first woman to earn a doctoral degree in psychology?

Answer 44

Margaret Floy Washburn ## Footnote She authored 'The Animal Mind,' a standard textbook for over 20 years.

Question 45

What was Mary Whiton Calkins known for?

Answer 45

Completing PhD requirements but not receiving the degree due to her gender ## Footnote She studied memory and self-psychology.

Question 46

What significant study did Mary Cover Jones conduct?

Answer 46

She unconditioned fear in Little Peter, who was afraid of rabbits ## Footnote This study was seen as a sequel to Watson's study of Little Albert.

Question 47

Who was the first Latina to earn a doctoral degree in psychology?

Answer 47

Martha Bernal ## Footnote Her research focused on Mexican American children.

Question 48

Who was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology?

Answer 48

Inez Beverly Prosser ## Footnote She earned her degree in 1933 and contributed to educational psychology.