Chapter 12 Flashcards
Modalities
various heating, cooling, and mechanical electrical methods of treatment used on the human body
cryotherapy
the therapeutic use of cooling agents
ice massage
the technique of rubbing ice over the injured area
hydrocollator packs
stainless steel container filled with hot water that is used to heat most packs for superficial heat therapy
whirlpool
stainless steel or fiberglass tub with an attached turbine
ultrasound
therapeutic deep heating that uses high-frequency sound-waves
coupling agent
a cream or gel, applied to an area before ultrasound treatment, that provides a medium for sonic waves to penetrate the skin
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
use of electrical impulses to reduce pain by stimulating the sensory and pain signaling nerves
E-stim
use of electrical impulses to produce muscle contractions by stimulating the motor nerves
For heating purposes, what are some examples of both localized/vigorous heat and deeper heat modalities?
deeper heating modalities: ultrasound
localized heat: hydrotherapy
What are the primary physiological responses for: Heat therapy and Cryotherapy
HT: increased vasodilatation, increased metabolism, capillary pressure and flow, clearance of metabolites, and oxygenation of tissues
CT: initial vasoconstriction, reduction of tissue metabolism, decrease in nerve conduction velocity, reduction of muscle spasm, secondary vasodilatation, and increase in muscle strength
What are the contraindication of: Heat therapy and cryotherapy
HT: effect on blood flow, producing substantially increased vasodilatation
CT: the body may move more blood to the area, rather than less blood
What are the physical effects of cryotherapy?
red skin, numbness, cold skin, reduction in swelling
What are the physical effects of heat therapy?
it could cause additional bleeding if healing is not adequate
What are the two modes of ultrasound, and what are each used for?
continuous mode- deep heat into the targeted tissue
pulse mode- tissue repair
What does TENS unit stimulate, and what is it primarily used for?
it’s the use of electrical impulses to reduce pain by stimulating the sensory and pain-signaling nerves. It’s primarily used to reduce pain.
What does E-stim stimulate, and what is it primarily used for?
it’s the use of electrical impulses to produce muscle contractions by stimulating the motor nerves
What are the time limits for the following modalities?
ice massage: 10-15 min ice packs: 15-20 min ice baths: 10-15 min hydrocollator packs: 10-20 min ultrasound: 5-10 min
During what stage of injury are the following used?
Cryotherapy: acute injuries
heat therapy: 48 to 72 hours after the injury
How deep into the body’s tissues can an ultrasound machine provide heat?
2-5 cm
Explain the difference between Continuous ultrasound and Pulsed-Mode ultrasound is and state the benefits of each.
Continuous: a form of energy that is transformed to deep heat within the targeted tissue
Pulsed-Mode: used for tissue repair
What are the two frequencies used to therapeutic ultrasound and what are each used for?
1 MHZ- deep structures
3 MHZ- tissues lying just under the skin
transducer
vibrating synthetic crystal housed in a metal sheild
coupling agent
a cream or gel, applied to an area before ultrasound treatment, that provides a medium for sonic waves to penetrate the skin
Expalin what electrical stimulation (e-stim) does:
produce muscle contraction and muscle facilitation by electrically stimulating motor nerves
NMES
neuromuscular electrical stimulation
stimulates a peripheral nerve and to cause either a sensory or a motor response
FES
functional electrical stimulation
use of e-stim to improve function
