Chapter 12

Question 1

Modalities

Answer 1

various heating, cooling, and mechanical electrical methods of treatment used on the human body

Question 2

cryotherapy

Answer 2

the therapeutic use of cooling agents

Question 3

ice massage

Answer 3

the technique of rubbing ice over the injured area

Question 4

hydrocollator packs

Answer 4

stainless steel container filled with hot water that is used to heat most packs for superficial heat therapy

Question 5

whirlpool

Answer 5

stainless steel or fiberglass tub with an attached turbine

Question 6

ultrasound

Answer 6

therapeutic deep heating that uses high-frequency sound-waves

Question 7

coupling agent

Answer 7

a cream or gel, applied to an area before ultrasound treatment, that provides a medium for sonic waves to penetrate the skin

Question 8

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Answer 8

use of electrical impulses to reduce pain by stimulating the sensory and pain signaling nerves

Question 9

E-stim

Answer 9

use of electrical impulses to produce muscle contractions by stimulating the motor nerves

Question 10

For heating purposes, what are some examples of both localized/vigorous heat and deeper heat modalities?

Answer 10

deeper heating modalities: ultrasound

localized heat: hydrotherapy

Question 11

What are the primary physiological responses for: Heat therapy and Cryotherapy

Answer 11

HT: increased vasodilatation, increased metabolism, capillary pressure and flow, clearance of metabolites, and oxygenation of tissues
CT: initial vasoconstriction, reduction of tissue metabolism, decrease in nerve conduction velocity, reduction of muscle spasm, secondary vasodilatation, and increase in muscle strength

Question 12

What are the contraindication of: Heat therapy and cryotherapy

Answer 12

HT: effect on blood flow, producing substantially increased vasodilatation
CT: the body may move more blood to the area, rather than less blood

Question 13

What are the physical effects of cryotherapy?

Answer 13

red skin, numbness, cold skin, reduction in swelling

Question 14

What are the physical effects of heat therapy?

Answer 14

it could cause additional bleeding if healing is not adequate

Question 15

What are the two modes of ultrasound, and what are each used for?

Answer 15

continuous mode- deep heat into the targeted tissue

pulse mode- tissue repair

Question 16

What does TENS unit stimulate, and what is it primarily used for?

Answer 16

it’s the use of electrical impulses to reduce pain by stimulating the sensory and pain-signaling nerves. It’s primarily used to reduce pain.

Question 17

What does E-stim stimulate, and what is it primarily used for?

Answer 17

it’s the use of electrical impulses to produce muscle contractions by stimulating the motor nerves

Question 18

What are the time limits for the following modalities?

Answer 18

ice massage: 10-15 min      
ice packs: 15-20 min
ice baths: 10-15 min
hydrocollator packs: 10-20 min
ultrasound: 5-10 min

Question 19

During what stage of injury are the following used?

Answer 19

Cryotherapy: acute injuries

heat therapy: 48 to 72 hours after the injury

Question 20

How deep into the body’s tissues can an ultrasound machine provide heat?

Answer 20

2-5 cm

Question 21

Explain the difference between Continuous ultrasound and Pulsed-Mode ultrasound is and state the benefits of each.

Answer 21

Continuous: a form of energy that is transformed to deep heat within the targeted tissue
Pulsed-Mode: used for tissue repair

Question 22

What are the two frequencies used to therapeutic ultrasound and what are each used for?

Answer 22

1 MHZ- deep structures

3 MHZ- tissues lying just under the skin

Question 23

transducer

Answer 23

vibrating synthetic crystal housed in a metal sheild

Question 24

coupling agent

Answer 24

a cream or gel, applied to an area before ultrasound treatment, that provides a medium for sonic waves to penetrate the skin

Question 25

Expalin what electrical stimulation (e-stim) does:

Answer 25

produce muscle contraction and muscle facilitation by electrically stimulating motor nerves

Question 26

NMES

Answer 26

neuromuscular electrical stimulation

stimulates a peripheral nerve and to cause either a sensory or a motor response

Question 27

FES

Answer 27

functional electrical stimulation

use of e-stim to improve function