chapter 12 Flashcards
Suggest two ways to minimise the spread of an outbreak of plague.
two from
stay keep indoors / increase ventilation / wear masks (1)
measures to, exclude / not attract / kill, rats / fleas (1)
strict / immediate quarantine for persons with symptoms (1)
State how a clone of potatoes could be produced for this investigation
tissue culture / micropropagation
explain why it is important to carry out this procedure under aseptic conditions.
reduces, microorganisms / contamination
State the role of cytokines
attract / AW , (named) phagocytes ✓
State the role of opsonins in phagocytosis.
bind to / AW , pathogens / foreign cells / antigens , and increase phagocytosis / recognition by phagocytes ✓
Outline the processes that lead to the production of antibodies against an unfamiliar bacterium.
B cells / lymphocytes, have, antigen receptor / carry antibody, on surface, specific / complementary to, only one antigen (1)
selected / activated, B cell, proliferates / clones / divides by mitosis (1)
forms / differentiates into, plasma / effector, cells (1)
which secrete antibodies specific / complementary, to antigen (1)
Explain how helper T cells act to speed up these processes.
(helper T cells) stimulated by antigen- presenting cells (1)
release, cytokines / interleukin 2 (1) stimulate B-cell, proliferation / mitosis / clonal expansion (1)