Chapter 12-14 The Brain Flashcards
Cerebrum
largest portion of the brain
Cerebral cortex
makes up 40% of brain mass
What enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
Cerebral cortex
In the cerebral cortex, each hemisphere acts
contralaterally (controls the opposite side of the body)
The cerebral cortex has three basic regions. They are
cortex, white matter and basal nuclei
The cerebral cortex hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
The cerebral cortex has gyri, sulci and
fissures
Gyri
elevated ridges
sulci
shallow grooves
fissures
deep grooves
Cerebral hemispheres form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of it’s mass
cerebral cortex
4 Lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
Frontal lobe
motor area
Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
sensory
The frontal lobe is made up of the following
primary motor cortex
pre motor cortex
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field
The primary motor cortex allows
conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscle
The pre motor cortex controls
learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills and coordinates muscle groups
Broca’s area is a motor speech area that directs
muscles of the tongue. its active as one prepares to speak
Broca’s area is usually present in
one hemisphere, usually the left hemisphere only
Frontal eye field controls
voluntary eye movement
The parietal lobe is made up of the
primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association cortex
The primary somatosensory cortex
receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles
the somatosensory association cortex integrates
sensory input, temperature and pressure
The somatosensory association cortex determines
size, texture, and relationship of parts
The occipital lobe has the
primary visual cortex and the visual association area
The primary visual cortex receives
information from the retina of the eye
The visual association area interprets
visual stimuli (color, form and movement) and uses past experience to recognize what we are seeing
The primary auditory cortex, auditory association area, vestibular cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex and the visceral sensory area are all part of the
Temporal lobe
the primary auditory cortex
receives information from inner ear related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
auditory association area stores
memories of sounds and permits perception of sound
vestibular cortex
balance, position of head
olfactory cortex
smell, impulses from olfactory tracts
gustatory cortex
taste
visceral sensory area
conscious perception of visceral sensation-upset stomach, full bladder
Language areas include
aphasias, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
Aphasias are
speech and language disorders due to injury or stroke
Broca’s area is for
speech preparation and production
If there is left (frontal) damage to Brocha’s area there will be
poor speech, but able to understand speech
Wernicke’s area is
sounding out unfamiliar words
if there is left (Temporal) damage to Wernicke’s area there will be
rapid speech without meaning, unable to understand written or spoken language
amnesia
loss of memory
long term memory can be declarative and
nondeclarative
nondeclarative (implicit)
skills and conditioning
like tying a shoe lace…it doesn’t require conscious thought
declarative (explicit)
verbalized memories
semantic and episodic
semantic
fact
names of bones
episodic
event
recall taking a lab practical over bones
long term memory–consolidation from short term to long term is a function of the
medial temporal lobe
short term memory
if damage to left medial temporal lobe
impairs verbal memory
short term memory
if damage to right medial temporal lobe
impairs nonverbal-can’t recognize faces
amygdala
memory of fear responses
long term memory
left inferior frontal lobe
math calculations
long term memory
prefrontal cortex
complex problem solving, planning activities
long term memory
lateral prefrontal damage
lack of motivation and sexual desire
multimodal association areas
information flows from sensory receptors to primary sensory cortex to a sensory association cortex then to the
multimodal association cortex
anterior association area-frontal lobe
intellect, learning, personality, judgement, reasoning, persistence and planning
posterior association areas-parts of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
recognizing patterns and faces, binding different sensory inputs into a whole
people with damage to the posterior association areas on the right side of the brain
refuse to wash or dress the left side of their body because “that doesn’t belong to me”
limbic association area
emotional impact
cerebral white matter is
deep to cortex
cerebral white matter has
commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers
commissures
connect two hemispheres-corpus callosum
association fibers
connect different parts of the same hemisphere
projection fibers
connect lower brain or cord centers to and from the cortex
secondary brain vesicles
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon
telencephalon-cerebrum
cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei
diencephalon-thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
thalamus-editing, virtually all sensory inputs and other inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex funnel through the thalamic nuclei
mesencephalon-brain stem
midbrain
metencephalon-brain stem
pons
myelencephalon-brain stem
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
1. endocrine system control
control anterior pituitary gland and produce ADH and oxytocin
hypothalamus
2. autonomic control center
- cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
- controls activity of centers in the brain stem and spinal cord
- blood pressure, heart rate, digestive tract motility, pupil size
hypothalamus
3. body temperature regulation
sweating and shivering
hypothalamus
4. hunger/satiety
in response to changing blood levels of nutrients like glucose and amino acids
hypothalamus
6. sleep/wake cycles
suprachiasmatic nucleus-cues from visual paths
hypothalamus
7. emotional response center
fear, pleasure, rage, sex drive, biological rhythms
epithalamus
pineal gland
it secretes melatonin
parts of the brain stem
mid brain
pons
medulla oblongata
functional systems
limbic system
reticular activating system
limbic system
emotional brain
emotional smells – memories
reticular activating system
alertness
parents, kids voice in a crowd, sounds while sleeping/hearing your name
how the brain works
blood flow, anxiety, depression, learning and aging
chemical imbalances in the brain
(depression/anxiety) exercise can help balance this out
meninges
cover and protect CNS
contain cerebrospinal fluid
dura mater
tough, leathery
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space, threadlike extensions secure poa mater
spiderweb like
arachnoid mater contains
cerebrospinal fluid, blood vessels
pia mater
delicate tissue, not very many blood vessels, clings to brain tissue
cerebrospinal fluid
helps nourish the brain
meningitis
bacteria or viral infection
hydrocephalus
blocked drainage of cerebral spinal fluid
concussion
an alteration in brain function following a blow to the head
contusion
more serious injury can cause bruising of the brain
a coma may be permanent due to damage
subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
must remove hematoma
cerebral edema
swelling in the brain caused by the presence of extra fluid
Alzheimer’s disease
mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age
due to generalized degeneration of the brain
inherited mutation
Parkinson’s
degeneration or dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
Huntington’s disease
fatal hereditary disease
