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A & P Unit 3 > Chapter 12-14 The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 12-14 The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

makes up 40% of brain mass

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3
Q

What enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

In the cerebral cortex, each hemisphere acts

A

contralaterally (controls the opposite side of the body)

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5
Q

The cerebral cortex has three basic regions. They are

A

cortex, white matter and basal nuclei

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6
Q

The cerebral cortex hemispheres are separated by the

A

longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

The cerebral cortex has gyri, sulci and

A

fissures

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8
Q

Gyri

A

elevated ridges

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9
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves

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10
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves

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11
Q

Cerebral hemispheres form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of it’s mass

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

4 Lobes

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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13
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor area

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14
Q

Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

A

sensory

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15
Q

The frontal lobe is made up of the following

A

primary motor cortex
pre motor cortex
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field

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16
Q

The primary motor cortex allows

A

conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

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17
Q

The pre motor cortex controls

A

learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills and coordinates muscle groups

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18
Q

Broca’s area is a motor speech area that directs

A

muscles of the tongue. its active as one prepares to speak

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19
Q

Broca’s area is usually present in

A

one hemisphere, usually the left hemisphere only

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20
Q

Frontal eye field controls

A

voluntary eye movement

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21
Q

The parietal lobe is made up of the

A

primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association cortex

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22
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles

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23
Q

the somatosensory association cortex integrates

A

sensory input, temperature and pressure

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24
Q

The somatosensory association cortex determines

A

size, texture, and relationship of parts

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25
Q

The occipital lobe has the

A

primary visual cortex and the visual association area

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26
Q

The primary visual cortex receives

A

information from the retina of the eye

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27
Q

The visual association area interprets

A

visual stimuli (color, form and movement) and uses past experience to recognize what we are seeing

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28
Q

The primary auditory cortex, auditory association area, vestibular cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex and the visceral sensory area are all part of the

A

Temporal lobe

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29
Q

the primary auditory cortex

A

receives information from inner ear related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness

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30
Q

auditory association area stores

A

memories of sounds and permits perception of sound

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31
Q

vestibular cortex

A

balance, position of head

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32
Q

olfactory cortex

A

smell, impulses from olfactory tracts

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33
Q

gustatory cortex

A

taste

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34
Q

visceral sensory area

A

conscious perception of visceral sensation-upset stomach, full bladder

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35
Q

Language areas include

A

aphasias, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

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36
Q

Aphasias are

A

speech and language disorders due to injury or stroke

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37
Q

Broca’s area is for

A

speech preparation and production

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38
Q

If there is left (frontal) damage to Brocha’s area there will be

A

poor speech, but able to understand speech

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39
Q

Wernicke’s area is

A

sounding out unfamiliar words

40
Q

if there is left (Temporal) damage to Wernicke’s area there will be

A

rapid speech without meaning, unable to understand written or spoken language

41
Q

amnesia

A

loss of memory

42
Q

long term memory can be declarative and

A

nondeclarative

43
Q

nondeclarative (implicit)

A

skills and conditioning

like tying a shoe lace…it doesn’t require conscious thought

44
Q

declarative (explicit)

A

verbalized memories

semantic and episodic

45
Q

semantic

A

fact

names of bones

46
Q

episodic

A

event

recall taking a lab practical over bones

47
Q

long term memory–consolidation from short term to long term is a function of the

A

medial temporal lobe

48
Q

short term memory

if damage to left medial temporal lobe

A

impairs verbal memory

49
Q

short term memory

if damage to right medial temporal lobe

A

impairs nonverbal-can’t recognize faces

50
Q

amygdala

A

memory of fear responses

51
Q

long term memory

left inferior frontal lobe

A

math calculations

52
Q

long term memory

prefrontal cortex

A

complex problem solving, planning activities

53
Q

long term memory

lateral prefrontal damage

A

lack of motivation and sexual desire

54
Q

multimodal association areas

information flows from sensory receptors to primary sensory cortex to a sensory association cortex then to the

A

multimodal association cortex

55
Q

anterior association area-frontal lobe

A

intellect, learning, personality, judgement, reasoning, persistence and planning

56
Q

posterior association areas-parts of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

A

recognizing patterns and faces, binding different sensory inputs into a whole

57
Q

people with damage to the posterior association areas on the right side of the brain

A

refuse to wash or dress the left side of their body because “that doesn’t belong to me”

58
Q

limbic association area

A

emotional impact

59
Q

cerebral white matter is

A

deep to cortex

60
Q

cerebral white matter has

A

commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers

61
Q

commissures

A

connect two hemispheres-corpus callosum

62
Q

association fibers

A

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

63
Q

projection fibers

A

connect lower brain or cord centers to and from the cortex

64
Q

secondary brain vesicles

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
65
Q

telencephalon-cerebrum

A

cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

66
Q

diencephalon-thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

A

thalamus-editing, virtually all sensory inputs and other inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex funnel through the thalamic nuclei

67
Q

mesencephalon-brain stem

A

midbrain

68
Q

metencephalon-brain stem

A

pons

69
Q

myelencephalon-brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

70
Q

hypothalamus

1. endocrine system control

A

control anterior pituitary gland and produce ADH and oxytocin

71
Q

hypothalamus

2. autonomic control center

A
  • cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
  • controls activity of centers in the brain stem and spinal cord
  • blood pressure, heart rate, digestive tract motility, pupil size
72
Q

hypothalamus

3. body temperature regulation

A

sweating and shivering

73
Q

hypothalamus

4. hunger/satiety

A

in response to changing blood levels of nutrients like glucose and amino acids

74
Q

hypothalamus

6. sleep/wake cycles

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus-cues from visual paths

75
Q

hypothalamus

7. emotional response center

A

fear, pleasure, rage, sex drive, biological rhythms

76
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal gland

it secretes melatonin

77
Q

parts of the brain stem

A

mid brain
pons
medulla oblongata

78
Q

functional systems

A

limbic system

reticular activating system

79
Q

limbic system

A

emotional brain

emotional smells – memories

80
Q

reticular activating system

A

alertness

parents, kids voice in a crowd, sounds while sleeping/hearing your name

81
Q

how the brain works

A

blood flow, anxiety, depression, learning and aging

82
Q

chemical imbalances in the brain

A

(depression/anxiety) exercise can help balance this out

83
Q

meninges

A

cover and protect CNS

contain cerebrospinal fluid

84
Q

dura mater

A

tough, leathery

85
Q

arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space, threadlike extensions secure poa mater

spiderweb like

86
Q

arachnoid mater contains

A

cerebrospinal fluid, blood vessels

87
Q

pia mater

A

delicate tissue, not very many blood vessels, clings to brain tissue

88
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

helps nourish the brain

89
Q

meningitis

A

bacteria or viral infection

90
Q

hydrocephalus

A

blocked drainage of cerebral spinal fluid

91
Q

concussion

A

an alteration in brain function following a blow to the head

92
Q

contusion

A

more serious injury can cause bruising of the brain

a coma may be permanent due to damage

93
Q

subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

must remove hematoma

94
Q

cerebral edema

A

swelling in the brain caused by the presence of extra fluid

95
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age
due to generalized degeneration of the brain
inherited mutation

96
Q

Parkinson’s

A

degeneration or dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra

97
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

fatal hereditary disease

A & P Unit 3 (3 decks)

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