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Central Nervous System > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord. Where all communication go through the body

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2
Q

Cephalization

A

Increase number of neurons in the head

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3
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain
Encephalon - brain
Telencephalon - end brain
Diencephalon - interbrain

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4
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid brain
Remains undivided. Part of the brain stem

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5
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

hind brain
Metencephalon - after the brain
Myelencephalon - spinal brain

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6
Q

Development of Neural Tube

A

Primary brain vesicles

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7
Q

Brain

A

Cerebrum
Cortex - Gray Matter
Nuclei - Cell Bodies
Cerebellum - Posterior region of the brain

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8
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core (H - shaped)

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9
Q

Gray

A

short nonmyelinated - Contain cell bodies

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10
Q

White -

A
  • Myelinated
  • Contain primarily axons
  • Dense coating of fatty myelin is what gives white matter color
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11
Q

4 Regions include cerebral hemisphere

A
  • Cerebral
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem - Mid brain, Pon, Medulla Oblongata
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12
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A

Lateral ventricles - on deep within each hemisphere. large C-shaped Cahmpbers
3rd Ventricle: located in Diencephalon
Dorsal (behind) to the pons
Filled with Cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
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14
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A

Very thin median membrane that separates the Lateral Ventricle

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15
Q

Interventricular Foramen

A

Channel that is connected to the third ventricle

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16
Q

Central Aqueduct

A

Going to run through the mid brain connect to third and fourth ventricle

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17
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

Extend to the canal - run through the spinal cord
hind dorsal to the pons and superior of medulla

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18
Q

The Brain

A
  • 2 cerebral hemispheres - make up 83% mass of the brain
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Thalamus/Hypothalamus/
  • Epithalamus)
  • Brain stem
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19
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated ridges of tissue separated by sulci

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20
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper Grooves
Longitudinal Fissures - Separates the cerebral hemisphere
Transverse Cerebal Fissure - separates cerebral hemisphere from cerebellum

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21
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow groove

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22
Q

Sulci divide into 5 lobes

A

Temporal Lobe - primary auditory cortex
Parietal Lobe - somatosensory association
Occipital Lobe - posterior lobe, conscious
Insula Lobe - Covered by temporal, parietal, frontal
Frontal Lobe - anterior lobe of cerebrum, broca speech

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23
Q

Lobes of Brain

A
  • Sulci divide into 5 lobes
  • Central sulcus - lies in the frontal plane/separate frontal lobe
  • Parieto-occipital Sulcus - located posteriorly on medial surface
  • Lateral sulcus - outlines the flaplike temporal lobe
  • Precentral/Postcentral Gyri
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24
Q

Precentral Gyri

A

Motor

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25
Q

Postcentral Gyri

A

Sensory Function

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26
Q

Sucli

A

Central Sulcus - Separates frontal lobe
Lateral Sulcus - outlines the flaplike temporal lobe

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27
Q

Cerebellum

A

Plays a role in motor function

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28
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Cortex - Out gray matter
  • White Matter - Axons
  • Basal Nuclei - group of cell bodies
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29
Q

Cortex

A

Superficial gray matter
(Neuron cell bodies, Dendrites,
Unmyelinated fibers, Glial cells,
Blood vessels)

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30
Q

Cortex Functions

A

Sensation
Communication
Understanding
Involuntary
Movements
Memory

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31
Q

Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

A

52 Cortical Area
Motor area - Voluntary
Sensory area: Conscious awareness of sensation
Association areas : Integrate diverse information

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32
Q

4 Generalizations about the cortex Motor Areas

A
  1. Motor/Sensory
    All neurons in the cortex are interneurons
    2.Tracts crossover at medulla
  2. Hemispheres are not equal in function
    (Hemispheric lateralization - specialization)
  3. No functional area acts alone; conscious behavior involves the entire cortex
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33
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

forms the Corticospinal tracts
Located in precentral gyrus

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34
Q

Motor Areas

A

Primary Motor Cortex
premotor Cortex
Frontal eye fields
Broca’s area (outlined by dashes)

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35
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Working memory for spatial tasks
Executive areas for task management
Working memory for object-recall task
Solving complex multi task problems

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36
Q

Sensory area

A

Primary somatosensory cortex - Somatic sensation
Somatosensory association cortex - Somatic Sensation
Gustatory cortex - Taste
Wernickes area
Primary Visual cortex - vision
Visual association area - vision
Auditory area - Hearing
Primary Auditory - Hearing

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37
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Helps to plan movements, staging area

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38
Q

Broca’s

A

motor area of speech and also active as we plan our speech

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39
Q

Posterior Association Area of the Brain

A
  • parts of: Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital lobes)
  • Found in one hemisphere, usually the left
  • Roles: Recognizing patterns/faces; localizing self/others in space/Binding
    different sensory inputs into a whole
  • Involved in giving attention to a particular part of body
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40
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A

Deep myelinated fibers/ tracts
* Communication between the Cerebral cortex/Lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum

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41
Q

Basal Nuclei (NOT ganglia – PNS term)

A

*Subthalamic nuclei/Substantia nigra
* Receives inputs from entire cerebral cortex
* Regulate ATTN and cognition (limbic system and other areas)

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42
Q

Huntingtons

A

neurons of Putamen/Globus Pallidus degenerate =
involuntary movements; enhance dopamine

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43
Q

Parkinsons

A

Substantia Nigra nuclei degenerate ~ too little movement
(expressionless face, postural fixation, rigidity, tremor); block dopamine

44
Q

Diencephalon

A

Central core of the forebrain
* Thalamus/Hypothalamus/Epithalamus (Pineal gland/Choroid Plexus)
* Encloses the 3rd ventricle

45
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Information “sorted out” and “edited”
  • Gateway to the cerebral cortex
  • Emotion and visceral function from hypothalamus; motor form
    cerebellum
46
Q

Thalamic Function: RELAY STATION!!

A

Afferent impulses - from all senses converge/synapse in the thalamus - spinal cord, brain stem, mid brain

Impulses of similar function are “sorted out,” edited, and relayed as a group = Relay Station

47
Q

Key Role of Thalamus

A

in mediating Sensation, Motor activities (interacts with Cerebellum, Basal ganglia), Cortical arousal, Learning, and Memory

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Mamillary bodies – relay station for olfaction
49
Q

Hypothalamus Functions

A
  1. seat of ANS – BP, HR, digestion, respiration, pupils
  2. Emotional response–limbic system, bio-rhythms; long-term stress
  3. Body temperature regulation – thermoregulation
  4. Satiety (glucose, AAs)
  5. H2O balance and thirst – osmoreceptors, ADH
  6. Sleep-wake cycles – circadian cycles (SCN)
  7. Endocrine system functioning – pituitary
50
Q

Epithalamus

A

Pineal gland – Melatonin (released at night = promotes sleepiness)
* Melatonin – a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake
cycles, and mood
* Choroid plexus – a structure that secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

51
Q

Brain Stem

A

Nuclei that control Cranial
nerves III -IV

  • Corpora quadrigemina – four
    domelike protrusions of the dorsal
    midbrain
52
Q

Brain Stem : Superior colliculi –

A

visual
reflex centers (tracking
moving images, scanning
stationary image, pupillary
reflex, accommodation)

53
Q

Brain Stem: Inferior colliculi –

A

Auditory reflex centers (startle reflex)

54
Q

Midbrain Nuclei: Periaqueductal gray matter

A

Pain suppression/link between amygdala and ANS

55
Q

Midbrain Nuclei: Substantia nigra

A

functionally linked to basal nuclei (involved in
controlling subconscious muscle activity/Lack of activity = Parkinsons)

56
Q

Midbrain Nuclei: Cerebral peduncles

A

– two bulging structures that contain
descending pyramidal motor tracts (Corticospinal)

57
Q

Pons

A

Contains: Tracts/Nuclei

58
Q

Tracts of the Pons:

A
  • Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord (connects
    midbrain above to medulla below)
  • Relay impulses between the Cerebrum  Cerebellum
  • Origin of Cranial nerves V, VI, and VII
59
Q

Tract of Pons: Pneumotaxic center:

A

with medulla involved with respiratory rate

60
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Most inferior part of the brain stem - cranial nerve Cranial nerves VIII-XII

Contains a choroid plexus associated with the 4th ventricle

61
Q

Medulla Oblongata: Pyramids

A

two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts
(large motor tracts)

62
Q

Medulla Oblongata: Place of decussation of the pyramids

A

Crossover (90%) points of
the corticospinal tracts

63
Q

Medulla Nuclei: Inferior olivary nuclei –

A

sensory (muscle/joint stretch position) to cerebellum

64
Q

Medulla Nuclei: Vestibular nuclear complex

A

synapses that mediate/maintain equilibrium

65
Q

Medulla Nuclei: Cardiovascular control center –

A

adjusts force and rate of heart contraction/smooth
muscle contraction (Vasomotor center)/dilation (controlled by hypothalamus)

66
Q

Medulla Nuclei: Respiratory centers

A

rate/depth of breathing/partners with pons (controlled by hypothalamus)

67
Q

Medulla Nuclei: Other reflex centers:

A

coughing, vomiting, sneezing, hiccups

68
Q

The Cerebellum

A

Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of
skeletal muscle contraction

69
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles : SP

A

Cerebellum to midbrain (info to the cerebral motor cortex via the Thalamus)

70
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles : MP

A

Cerebrum through the pons to cerebellum

71
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles : IP

A

Medulla to Cerebellum (Proprio/vestibular nuclei through medulla to cerebellum)

72
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles: Superior peduncles-up through midbrain

A

A “blueprint” of coordinated
movement is sent to the Cerebral motor cortex

73
Q

Amygdala –

A

anger, danger, and fear responses, recognizes fearful facial expressions

74
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

–role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict

75
Q

Psychosomatic illnesses:

A

illness brought on by emotion
* One can react emotionally to conscious understandings
* One is consciously aware of emotion in one’s life

76
Q

Hippocampal structures

A

convert new information into long-term memories

77
Q

Reticular Formation: RAS

A
  • Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
  • Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli
  • LSD, EtOH, THC; Injury: can lead to irreversible coma
78
Q

Reticular Formation: Motor Function

A
  • Helps control coarse motor movements
  • Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor
    functions – e.g., vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers
79
Q

Alpha waves

A

low-amplitude, slow, synchronous waves indicating an “idling” brain:

Awake but relaxed

80
Q

Beta waves

A

rhythmic, more irregular waves occurring during the awake and mentally alert state

awake and alert

81
Q

Theta waves

A

more irregular than alpha
waves; common in children/adults experiencing emotional stress/on drugs (LSD, mushrooms)

Common in children

82
Q

Delta waves

A

high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when RAS is damped (anesthesia)/normal in awake infants/In adult indicate brain damage

deep sleep

83
Q

Protection of the Brain

A

Bone, Meninges, and Cerebrospinal fluid

84
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Harmful substances are shielded from the brain

85
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Leathery, strong meninx
  • Composed of 2 layers: Periosteal/Meningeal
  • The two layers separate in certain areas and form
    Dural sinuses
86
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

The middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering
Beneath the arachnoid = Subarachnoid space filled with CSF/large blood vessels

87
Q

Pia

A

delicate connective tissue/clings tightly to brain

88
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Production

A

Watery solution similar in composition to blood plasma/ formed by Ependymal cells of Choroid Plexus

89
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Production :

A
  • Contains less protein/different ion concentrations than plasma
  • Forms a liquid cushion = Gives buoyancy to the CNS organs
  • Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight
  • Protects the CNS from blows/other trauma
  • Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it
90
Q

Production Rate: CSF

A

*Volume of CSF: in humans is ~150 ml
*Production rate of 21 ml/hr = 500ml/day
*The turnover rate of total CSF : 8 hr for humans
*Homeostatic Imbalance: Hydrocephalus

91
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Clusters of capillaries which hang from the roof of each ventricle + Ependymal cells that form tissue fluid
filtrate = CSF

  • Ependymal cells have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF
  • Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes
92
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury : Concussion

A

alteration in brain function
following blow to head

93
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury : Contusion

A

Concussion leading to bruising of brain/permanent damage

94
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury : Subdural/Subarachnoid Hematoma

A

bleeding from ruptured vessels into these spaces

95
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury : Cerebral edema

A

swelling of the brain

96
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes): Ishemia)

A

Caused when blood circulation to the brain is
blocked

97
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes): Necrosis)

A

brain tissue dies

98
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes)

A
  • Most commonly caused by blockage of a cerebral
    artery
  • Other causes include compression of the brain by
    hemorrhage or edema, and atherosclerosis
  • Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is the only
    approved treatment for stroke
99
Q

Cerebrovascular Accidents (Strokes): Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia

100
Q

Degenerative Brain Disorders: Alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia (Beta amyloid plaques)

101
Q

Degenerative Brain Disorders: Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration

102
Q

Degenerative Brain Disorders: Substantia nigra -

A

results in too little movement
(Lack of Dopamine)

103
Q

Degenerative Brain Disorders: Huntington’s disease

A

a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the mutant protein Huntingtin that leads to degeneration of the basal nuclei ie results in too much movement

104
Q

Ascending Pathways: Neuronal Composition 1st

A
  • Cutaneous/Proprio → Spinal
    Cord/Brainstem
  • Cell Body: Dorsal
    Root/Cranial Nerve Ganglia
  • Synapse with 2nd order
105
Q

Ascending Pathways: Neuronal Composition 2nd

A
  • Cell Body: Posterior horn
    spinal cord/Medullary nuclei
  • From Spinal Cord/Medulla
    → Thalamus/Cerebellum
  • Synapse with 3rd order
    neurons (Only in
    Thalamus/No 3rd order
    neurons in Cerebellum)
106
Q

Ascending Pathways: Neuronal Composition 3rd

A
  • Cell Body: located in
    Thalamus
  • From Thalamus →
    Somatosensory Cortex in
    Parietal lobe of Cortex

Central Nervous System (4 decks)

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