Chapter 12

Question 1

A reaction in which a nucleophile (an electron-pair donor) forms a bond to the carbon of a carbonyl (C=O) group. To avoid violating the octet rule, the electrons of the carbon-oxygen π-bond shift to the oxygen, resulting in a four-coordinate (tetrahedral) carbon

Answer 1

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon

Question 2

The anionic form of hydrogen; a proton with two electrons

Answer 2

Hydride ion

Question 3

A chemical species in which a carbon atom bears a formal negative charge

Answer 3

Carbanion

Question 4

A reaction that lowers the oxidation state of atoms in a molecule or ion. Reduction of an organic compound usually involves increasing its hydrogen content or decreasing its oxygen content. Reduction also accompanies any reaction that results in replacement of a more electronegative substituent by a less electronegative one

Answer 4

Reduction

Question 5

A reaction that increases the oxidation state of atoms in a molecule or ion. For an organic substrate, oxidation usually involves increasing its oxygen content or decreasing its hydrogen content. Oxidation also accompanies any reaction in which a less electronegative substituent is replaced by a more electronegative one

Answer 5

Oxidation

Question 6

A chemical species that causes another chemical species to become reduced (to gain electrons, or to lose bonds to electronegative elements, often gaining bonds to hydrogen in the process). The reducing agent is oxidized in this process

Answer 6

Reducing agent

Question 7

A chemical species that causes another chemical species to become oxidized (lose electrons, or gain bonds to more electronegative elements, often losing bonds to hydrogen in the process). The oxidizing agent is reduced in this process

Answer 7

Oxidizing agent

Question 8

A reaction that results in an increase in the number of groups attached to a pair of atoms initially joined by a double or triple bond; is the opposite of an elimination reaction

Answer 8

Addition reaction

Question 9

A compound that contains a carbon-metal bond

Answer 9

Organometallic compound

Question 10

An organomagnesium halide, usually written RMgX

Answer 10

Grignard reagent

Question 11

A group that is introduced into a molecule to protect a sensitive group from reaction while a reaction is carried out at some other location in the molecule. Later, the protecting group is removed. Also called blocking group

Answer 11

Protecting group