Chapter 12 Flashcards
What is the purpose of cell division in single-celled eukaryotes and prokaryotes? In contrast, what are the purposes (plural) in multicellular eukaryotes?
The purpose of cell division in eukaryotes is to reproduce, growth, and maintenance. Prokaryotes is to reproduce
What are parent cells vs daughter cells?
Parent cells divide to create daughter cells
What is asexual reproduction? Give examples of how this can occur for single and multicellular organisms.
Asexual reproduction that occurs with a single parent. Starfish regrowing limbs
Define DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Define Genome
Genomes are complete sets of DNA
Define Chromosome
Nucleic acid and protein stored to contain genetic information in the nucleus
How is cell division an example of the flow of information in biological systems?
Cell division allows for the genetic information to flow through offspring
Do prokaryotic cells reproduce sexually or asexually?
Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually
What do we call the process of cell division in prokaryotes? Describe the major steps in that process.
The process of cell division is mitosis and it consists of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Describe what the chromosome is like in a prokaryote.
A long twisted clump
What are plasmids? How are plasmids different than the cell’s chromosome?
Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules that replicate independently
Why is cell division much more complicated for eukaryotes than prokaryotes? How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes?
Cell division is more complicated for eukaryotes than prokaryotes since eukaryotes have to repair, grow, and reproduce while prokaryotes just reproduce. Eukaryotic chromosomes are different from prokaryotic chromosomes since prokaryotic chromosomes are located in the nucleoid while eukaryotic chromosomes are in the nucleus.
What is chromatin?
the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.
What are the two forms of chromatin in a nucleus? Which chromatin holds genes that are being expressed in that cell?
Heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin
Why do chromosomes condense down the most before cell division?
to allow the chromosomes to move along the mitotic spindle without becoming tangled or broken during their distribution to daughter cells.
After a eukaryotic chromosome replicates, the two identical units are held together in a structure that looks like an “X.” Know the different feature of a replicated chromosome.
Define centromere,
kinetochore
sister chromatid.
What is a karyotype?
What is ploidy?
How do you write ploidy down as a symbol (i.e., numbers and letters)?
What does it mean if a cell is haploid?