Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in single-celled eukaryotes and prokaryotes? In contrast, what are the purposes (plural) in multicellular eukaryotes?

A

The purpose of cell division in eukaryotes is to reproduce, growth, and maintenance. Prokaryotes is to reproduce

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2
Q

What are parent cells vs daughter cells?

A

Parent cells divide to create daughter cells

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3
Q

What is asexual reproduction? Give examples of how this can occur for single and multicellular organisms.

A

Asexual reproduction that occurs with a single parent. Starfish regrowing limbs

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4
Q

Define DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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5
Q

Define Genome

A

Genomes are complete sets of DNA

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6
Q

Define Chromosome

A

Nucleic acid and protein stored to contain genetic information in the nucleus

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7
Q

How is cell division an example of the flow of information in biological systems?

A

Cell division allows for the genetic information to flow through offspring

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8
Q

Do prokaryotic cells reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually

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9
Q

What do we call the process of cell division in prokaryotes? Describe the major steps in that process.

A

The process of cell division is mitosis and it consists of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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10
Q

Describe what the chromosome is like in a prokaryote.

A

A long twisted clump

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11
Q

What are plasmids? How are plasmids different than the cell’s chromosome?

A

Plasmids are small extrachromosomal DNA molecules that replicate independently

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12
Q

Why is cell division much more complicated for eukaryotes than prokaryotes? How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes?

A

Cell division is more complicated for eukaryotes than prokaryotes since eukaryotes have to repair, grow, and reproduce while prokaryotes just reproduce. Eukaryotic chromosomes are different from prokaryotic chromosomes since prokaryotic chromosomes are located in the nucleoid while eukaryotic chromosomes are in the nucleus.

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13
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

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14
Q

What are the two forms of chromatin in a nucleus? Which chromatin holds genes that are being expressed in that cell?

A

Heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin

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15
Q

Why do chromosomes condense down the most before cell division?

A

to allow the chromosomes to move along the mitotic spindle without becoming tangled or broken during their distribution to daughter cells.

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16
Q

After a eukaryotic chromosome replicates, the two identical units are held together in a structure that looks like an “X.” Know the different feature of a replicated chromosome.

A
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17
Q

Define centromere,

A
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18
Q

kinetochore

A
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19
Q

sister chromatid.

A
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20
Q

What is a karyotype?

A
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21
Q

What is ploidy?

A
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22
Q

How do you write ploidy down as a symbol (i.e., numbers and letters)?

A
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23
Q

What does it mean if a cell is haploid?

A
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24
Q

What does it mean if a cell is diploid?

A
25
Q

What about octaploid?

A
26
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A
27
Q

Distinguish between interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

A
28
Q

Describe what happens in G1, S, and G2 of interphase.

A
29
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A
30
Q

Is the cell doing anything in the “gap” phases?

A
31
Q

What is mitosis?

A
32
Q

Describe in detail the events that occur in prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase of mitosis. Be sure you can identify these five phases of mitosis either from written descriptions of the events that occur in them or from diagrams.

A
33
Q

What do the centrosomes do?

A
34
Q

When does the centrosome replicate?

A
35
Q

What is the function of the mitotic spindle? What is the mitotic spindle made of?

A
36
Q

What is cohesin and what role does it play in cell division? When does it breakdown?

A
37
Q

What is cytokinesis.

A
38
Q

Describe how cytokinesis occurs in an animal cell.

A
39
Q

What is the cleavage furrow?

A
40
Q

Describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant cells.

A
41
Q

What is the cell plate and why does it form?

A
42
Q

Why can’t plant cells divide the same way as animal cells?

A
43
Q

What are the input and outputs of mitosis and cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells?

A
44
Q

What chemical factors do cells need in order to be able to complete the cell cycle?

A
45
Q

What environmental factors regulate and inhibit cell division in animal cells?

A
46
Q

How do cells “know” they are touching other cells?

A
47
Q

If environmental factors are met, do healthy cells automatically move through the other phases of the cell cycle?

A
48
Q

What are cell cycle checkpoints and what purpose do they serve? At what points do they occur in the cell cycle?

A
49
Q

Which checkpoint determines if a cell will divide or go into G0?

A
50
Q

What is the function of growth factors and what type of molecules are they?

A
51
Q

Describe signal transduction and how it relates to the cell cycle.

A
52
Q

What is apoptosis? Why do cells have an organized break down? Why not just burst?

A
53
Q

Why is it important to regulate the cell cycle?

A
54
Q

What is a tumor?

A
55
Q

What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

A
56
Q

What is metastasis?

A
57
Q

Why are malignant tumors almost always a more dangerous form of cancer?

A
58
Q

What are ways you can target cancer cells for treatment?

A