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A Level Physics > Chapter 11 Waves 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Waves 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Progressive Wave

A

Transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter

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2
Q

Transverse Wave

A

Oscillations perpendicular to direction of energy transfer

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3
Q

Longitudinal Waves

A

Oscillations parallel to the direction of energy transfer

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4
Q

Why is sound faster through a medium with higher density?

A
  • Air particles are displaced by wave from EP according to force provided by neighbouring particles

In higher density medium:

  • As medium’s particles are closer together
  • Stronger restoring force
  • Energy and vibrations passed more rapidly from one particle to another
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5
Q

Displacement:

A

Distance from EP in a particular direction

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6
Q

Amplitude

A

Max displacement of oscillating particle from EP

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7
Q

Wavelength

A

Minimum distance between 2 points in phase on adjacent waves

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8
Q

Period of oscillation

A

Time taken for one oscillation

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9
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves that pass a given point per unit time

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10
Q

Wave Equation:

A

V = λf

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11
Q

Frequency Equation

A

f = 1 / T

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12
Q

Phase difference equation:

A

ϕ = (x / λ) * 2Π

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13
Q

How can oscilloscope be used to determine wave frequency?

A
  1. Using microscope, produce a trace on screen of oscilloscope
    - Each horizontal square reps a time interval AKA the timebase
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14
Q

Settings of oscilloscope

A
  • If timebase is 1.0 ms cm^-1, then each square reps a time interval of 1 ms
  • A setting of 10 V cm^-1 reps a pd of 10V
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15
Q

Reflection

A

When a wave changes direction at boundary between 2 different media remaining in original medium

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16
Q

Law of reflection

A

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

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17
Q

What changes happen to a wave when it undergoes reflection?

A

reFLection

- Frequency and Wavelength DO NOT change

18
Q

Refraction

A

When a wave changes direction as it changes speed when it passes from one medium to another
- There is always some partial reflection

19
Q

What are the rules for waves changing speed?

A

FAST PEOPLE ARE NOT NORMAL

  • If wave slows, then it will refract towards the normal
  • If wave quickens, it refracts away from the normal
20
Q

What are the rules for mediums in relation to the speed of EM and mechanical waves?

A

EM waves travel slower in more optically dense solutions

Mechanical waves tend to speed up as they enter a physically denser medium

The medium is often the opposite for either

21
Q

What changes happen to a wave when it undergoes refraction?

A

reFraction

  • Refractions affects wavelengths
  • Frequency is constant
22
Q

Do water waves travel faster in shallower or deeper water?

A

Think of TSUNAMIs

  • Water wave slows down in shallower water
  • Wavelength gets shorter
23
Q

Diffraction:

A
  • Wave phenomena where when waves pass through a gap or travel around an obstacle, they spread out
  • All waves can be diffracted
24
Q

Gap Size in diffraction:

A
  • If wavelength and gap size are similar, it means there is greater diffraction
25
Q

What changes happen to a wave when it undergoes diffraction?

A

Nothing changes

26
Q

Polarisation:

A

Particles only oscillation along one direction
MEANING
that the wave is confined to a single plane of oscillation

27
Q

Why can’t longitudinal waves be polarised?

A

Longitudinal waves have oscillations that are always parallel to direction of energy transfer so wave cannot be plane polarised as oscillations are already limited to only one place

28
Q

Partial Polarisation

A
  • When transverse waves reflect off a surface, they become partially polarised
  • More waves oscillating in one particular place but wave is not completely plane polarised
29
Q

Intensity

A

Is defined as the radiant power passing through a surface per unit area

30
Q

Intensity equation

A

I = P / A

For a point source:
I = P / 4Πr^2

31
Q

Relationship between Intensity and Amplitude

A

Intensity ∝ Amplitude^2

32
Q

Explain relationship between Intensity and Amplitude:

A
  • Decreased amplitude means reduced average speed of oscillating particles
  • Halving amplitude results in particles oscillating with half the speed, and a quarter of kinetic cheeks
  • Hence, intensity is directly proportional to the square of an amplitude
33
Q

EM Waves:

A

Electric and Magnetic fields oscillating at right angles to each other

34
Q

Visible Light range:

A

700nm - 400nm

35
Q

What is used to polarise microwaves?

A

A metal grille is used

36
Q

Refractive Index Equation:

A

n = c / v

  • n is refractive index
37
Q

Refraction Law:

A

n sin θ = k

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2

38
Q

2 conditions for Total Internal Reflection:

A
  1. Light must be travelling from high refractive index to low refractive index
  2. Incidence Angle > Critical Angle
39
Q

What happens to light at Critical Angle?

A

Light refracts along the boundary between 2 media

90 degrees

40
Q

For air, what is refractive index equation:

A

sin C = 1 / n

A Level Physics (5 decks)

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