Chapter 11 Vocabularu Flashcards
Genetics
is key to understanding what makes each organism unique
fertilization
the process in which the male and female reproductive cells join together in sexual reproduction
Trait
a specific characteristic
Hybrids
crosses between parents with different traits
Genes
chemical factors that determine traits
Alleles
the different forms of a gene
Principle of Dominance
states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Segregation
separation of alleles during gamete formation
Gametes
sex cells
Probability
the likelihood that a particular event will occur
Homozygous
organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait
Heterozygous
organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait
Phenotype
physical characteristics
Genotype
genetic makeup
Punnet square
a diagram that can determine the possible gene combinations
Incomplete dominance
when one allele is not completly dominant over another
Condominace
when both alleles contribute to the phenotype
Multiple Alleles
when genes have more than two alleles
Polygenic traits
traits controlled by two or more genes
Homologous
term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
Diploid
a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid
a cell that has one set of homologous chromosomes, a cell that has a single set of chromosomes and therefore only 1 set of genes
Meiosis
a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Tetrad
(prophase)structure of chromosome paired with its corresponding homologous chromosome
Crossing-over
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange chromatids in meiosis`
Zygote
undergoes cell division by mitosis and eventually forms a new organism
