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Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11 The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between bones and muscles in producing body movements?

A

Bones and muscles work together through muscle attachment sites, lever systems, fascicle arrangement, and coordination within muscle groups.

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2
Q

Define lever and fulcrum in the context of the muscular system.

A

A lever is a rigid structure that moves around a fixed point called a fulcrum.

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3
Q

List the three types of levers based on the locations of fulcrum, effort, and load.

A
  • First-class levers
  • Second-class levers
  • Third-class levers
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4
Q

How does the arrangement of fascicles affect muscle contraction?

A

Fascicle arrangement affects a muscle’s power and range of motion; longer fibers increase range of motion, while greater cross-sectional area increases power.

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5
Q

What are the roles of prime movers, antagonists, synergists, and fixators in muscle coordination?

A
  • Prime mover: Contracts to create movement
  • Antagonist: Stretches and yields to prime mover
  • Synergist: Stabilizes intermediate joints
  • Fixator: Stabilizes the origin of the prime mover
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6
Q

What are the seven features used in naming skeletal muscles?

A
  • Location
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Direction of fibers
  • Number of origins
  • Location of attachments
  • Action
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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ of a muscle is usually proximal, and the __________ is usually distal.

A

origin; insertion

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8
Q

True or False: Most muscles cover the body part they move.

A

False

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9
Q

What is the action of a muscle?

A

The main movements that occur when the muscle contracts.

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10
Q

What is reverse muscle action (RMA)?

A

When the actions of a muscle are reversed, switching the positions of the origin and insertion during specific movements.

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11
Q

Describe the arrangement of muscle fibers in parallel muscles.

A

Muscle fibers run parallel to the length of the muscle and end in flat tendons on both sides.

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12
Q

What characterizes fusiform muscles?

A

Muscle fibers run almost parallel and narrow toward the ends, being wider in the middle.

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13
Q

What is a circular muscle?

A

Muscle fibers arranged in circles that form sphincter muscles, surrounding and closing an opening.

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14
Q

What is the benefit of pennate muscle arrangement?

A

Greater power due to a large number of short-fibered fascicles.

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15
Q

What is the mechanical advantage in lever systems?

A

Occurs when the load is closer to the fulcrum than the effort, requiring less effort to move a large load.

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16
Q

In a third-class lever, where is the effort located?

A

Between the fulcrum and the load.

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17
Q

What happens when a prime mover and its antagonist contract simultaneously with equal force?

A

There will be no movement.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of fixators in muscle coordination?

A

To stabilize the origin of the prime mover for more efficient action.

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19
Q

What is the role of the deltoid muscle in arm abduction?

A

Serves as the prime mover and pulls on the humerus to abduct the arm

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20
Q

What are fixators in muscle movement?

A

Muscles that hold a bone steady during movement

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21
Q

What is a compartment in the context of skeletal muscles?

A

A group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and nerves with a common function

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22
Q

How are skeletal muscles typically named?

A

Based on distinctive features like size, shape, action, number of origins, and location

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23
Q

What does the term ‘rectus’ indicate in muscle naming?

A

Muscle is parallel to the midline

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24
Q

What does ‘maximus’ indicate in muscle naming?

A

Largest muscle

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25
Q

What is the action of flexor muscles?

A

Decreases joint angle

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26
Q

What does ‘biceps’ indicate in muscle naming?

A

Muscle has two origins

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27
Q

What is the principal action of the orbicularis oris muscle?

A

Closes and protrudes lips

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28
Q

Which muscle is the strongest jaw closer?

A

Masseter

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29
Q

What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Bilaterally flexes cervical vertebral column and extends head; unilaterally flexes neck and head to same side

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30
Q

What is the origin of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

Pubic crest; pubis symphysis

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31
Q

What is the main action of the diaphragm during inhalation?

A

Depresses, increasing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

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32
Q

What is the function of the external intercostals during inhalation?

A

Elevate the ribs, increasing thoracic cavity size

33
Q

What muscle abducts the scapula and is known as the ‘boxer’s muscle’?

A

Serratus anterior

34
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Adducts and medially rotates the arm at shoulder

35
Q

Which muscle initiates arm abduction at the shoulder?

A

Supraspinatus

36
Q

What is the primary action of the triceps brachii?

A

Extends forearm at elbow

37
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ muscle compresses abdomen.

A

Transversus abdominis

38
Q

True or False: The internal intercostals draw adjacent ribs together during inhalation.

39
Q

What is the action of the brachialis muscle?

A

Flexes forearm at elbow

40
Q

What muscle is responsible for forearm supination?

41
Q

What is the action of the external abdominal oblique muscle bilaterally?

A

Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column

42
Q

What muscle assists in mastication by keeping food between teeth?

A

Buccinator

43
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae muscle?

A

Elevates scapula; rotates it downward

44
Q

What does the term ‘minor’ indicate in muscle naming?

A

Smaller muscle

45
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

Inferior maxilla and zygomatic arch

46
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ muscle draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally.

A

Zygomaticus major

47
Q

What is the origin of the Flexor carpi radialis?

A

Humerus’ medial epicondyle

48
Q

What action does the Palmaris longus perform?

A

Weakly flexes hand at wrist

49
Q

The Flexor carpi ulnaris flexes and adducts the hand at which joint?

50
Q

What is the primary action of the Flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Flexes middle phalanx of each finger at PIP, proximal phalanx at MCP, hand at wrist

51
Q

What is the origin of the Extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Humerus’ lateral epicondyle

52
Q

Which muscle extends the distal and middle phalanges of each finger?

A

Extensor digitorum

53
Q

What is the action of the Extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Extends, adducts hand at wrist

54
Q

What are the three groups that make up the Erector spinae?

A
  • Iliocostalis muscles (lateral)
  • Longissimus muscles (intermediate)
  • Spinalis muscles (medial)
55
Q

What is the primary action of the Iliocostalis group?

A

Extends and maintains erect posture of the vertebral column

56
Q

What muscles are involved in elevating the first ribs during deep inhalation?

57
Q

What is the origin of the Psoas major?

A

Transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae

58
Q

Which muscle extends and laterally rotates the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus

59
Q

What action does the Gluteus medius perform?

A

Abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh

60
Q

The Adductor longus adducts and flexes the thigh at which joint?

61
Q

Which muscle group is known as the Hamstrings?

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
62
Q

What is the action of the Tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexes foot; inverts foot at intertarsal joints

63
Q

What is the primary action of the Gastrocnemius?

A

Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg

64
Q

What does the Flexor digitorum longus do?

A

Plantar flexes foot; flexes distal & middle phalanges of toes 2-5

65
Q

How do skeletal muscles produce movement?

A

By pulling on bones

66
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The attachment to the more stationary bone

67
Q

What are the three types of levers?

A
  • First-class
  • Second-class
  • Third-class (most common)
68
Q

What are the muscle fascicular arrangements?

A
  • Parallel
  • Fusiform
  • Circular
  • Triangular
  • Pinnate
69
Q

What is a prime mover (agonist)?

A

Produces the desired action

70
Q

True or False: Muscles of the head that produce facial expressions move joints.

71
Q

What role do muscles of mastication play?

A

Move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint

72
Q

What do muscles of the abdomen do?

A

Contain and protect abdominal viscera and move the vertebral column

73
Q

How do muscles of the thorax assist in breathing?

A

Alter the size of the thoracic cavity

74
Q

What is the function of muscles that move the pectoral girdle?

A

Stabilize the scapula and increase range of motion of the humerus

75
Q

What is the main action of muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna?

A

Involved in flexion and extension at the elbow joint

76
Q

What distinguishes extrinsic muscles?

A

They act on the digits

77
Q

What are the compartments of muscles in the thigh?

A
  • Medial (adductor)
  • Anterior (extensor)
  • Posterior (flexor)
78
Q

What are the compartments of muscles in the leg?

A
  • Anterior
  • Lateral
  • Posterior

Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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