Chapter 11 The Beginning of Life and Childhood

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

The science that accounts for natural differences and resemblances among organisms related by descent

Question 2

heredity

Answer 2

the process by which organisms pass genetic traits on to their offspring

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

The combination of proteins, called nucleotides, that arranged to make up an organism’s chromosomes

Question 4

Human Genome Project

Answer 4

• funded by the US government and was started in 1990 to analyze the human body
• mapping of all the genes within the 23 pairs of human chromosomes
• the project finished early.

Question 5

Types of Genetic testing

Answer 5

• predictive
• carrier
• prenatal
• preimplantation
• forensics

Question 6

Predictive testing

Answer 6

a test used to see if genes are present that could lead to hereditary disease or other harmful genetic conditions.

Question 7

Prenatal testing

Answer 7

a test used to see, through a process called amniocentesis, if harmful genes are present in the fetus

Question 8

chromosome

Answer 8

a microscopic structure found within the nucleus of all living cells that carries genes responsible for the organism’s characteristics

Question 9

gene

Answer 9

a tiny segment of DNA found on a chromosome within a cell’s nucleus. It holds the formula for making a specific enzyme or protein.

Question 10

genome

Answer 10

all the DNA in an organism, including its genes.

Question 11

Forensic testing

Answer 11

a test used in law enforcement to eliminate or designate suspects in a crime, identify homicide victims, or to otherwise analyses DNA samples for law enforcement purposes

Question 12

Mutations

Answer 12

a permanent change in the DNA

Question 13

amniocentesis

Answer 13

a test where by the fluid is tested for genetic or other conditions that may lead to abnormal development of the fetus.

Question 14

genetic counselor

Answer 14

an expert in human genetics who is qualified to counsel individuals who may have inherited genes for certain diseases or conditions.

Question 15

genetic discrimination

Answer 15

differential treatment of individuals based on their actual or presumed genetic differences

Question 16

genetic engineering

Answer 16

manipulation of DNA within the cells of plants, animals and other organism’s through synthesis, alteration or repair to ensure that certain harmful traits will be eliminated in offspring and that desirable traits will appear and be passed on

Question 17

clone

Answer 17

an organism produced asexually, usually from a single cell of the parent

Question 18

cloning

Answer 18

the process by which organisms are created asexually, usually from a single cell of the parent organism

Question 19

xenotransplantation

Answer 19

transplantation of animal tissues and organs into humans

Question 20

Objections to animal cloning

Answer 20

• does not always yield viable offspring
• 30% are affected with large offspring syndrome
• premature death

Question 21

stem cells

Answer 21

cells that have the potential to become any type of body cell

Question 22

multipotent stem cells

Answer 22

stem cells that can become a limited number of types of tissues and cells in the body

Question 23

pluripotent stem cells

Answer 23

stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body

Question 24

gene therapy

Answer 24

treating harmful genetic diseases or traits by eliminating or modifying the harmful gene

Question 25

infertility

Answer 25

the failure to conceive for a period of 12 months or longer due to a deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any reproductive part organ or system

Question 26

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 26

fertilization that takes place outside a woman’s body literally “in glass” as in a test tube

Question 27

artificial insemination

Answer 27

the mechanical injection of viable semen into the vagina

Question 28

homologous artificial insemination

Answer 28

the process in which a husband’s sperm is mechanically injected into his wife’s vagina to fertilize her eggs.

Question 29

surrogate mother

Answer 29

a woman who becomes pregnant, usually by artificial insemination or surgical implantation of a fertilized egg, and bears a child for another woman

Question 30

heterologous artificial insemination

Answer 30

the process in which donor sperm is mechanically injected into a woman’s vagina to fertilize her eggs

Question 31

parens patriae

Answer 31

a legal doctrine that gives the state the authority to act in a child’s best interest

Question 32

Best interest of the child

Answer 32

The standard that best safeguards the child’s growth, development and health

Question 33

conditions were physicians may hold medical treatment

Answer 33

• chronically irreversibly comatose
• will most certainly die and for whom treatment is considered futile
• would suffer inhumanely if treatment were provided

Question 34

safe heaven laws

Answer 34

state laws that allow mothers to abandon newborns to designated safe facilities without penalty

Question 35

mature minors

Answer 35

individuals who are for the health care purposes, considered mature enough to comprehend an physician’s recommendations and give informed consent

Question 36

emancipated minor

Answer 36

individuals who are legally live outside parent’s or guardians control