chapter 11 study guide Flashcards
what is the cell cycle?
The process that allows a cell to grow, copy its DNA, and divide into two new cells.
what is interphase and what happens in it?
Interphase: The cell grows and prepares for division by copying its DNA.
Interphase (the longest phase):
G1 Phase: The cell grows and performs its regular functions.
S Phase: The DNA is replicated, so each chromosome makes a copy (sister chromatids).
G2 Phase: The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.
what is the M phase (mitotic phase) and what happens in it.
M Phase (Mitotic Phase): The cell actually divides into two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
what happens in mitosis?
Mitosis
Prophase: The DNA forms visible chromosomes, and the nuclear
membrane starts to break down.
Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: The chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase: New nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes.
what happens in cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis
In Animal Cells: The cell membrane pinches in to divide the cell.
In Plant Cells: A cell plate forms in the center and becomes a new cell wall.
what are the checkpoints in cell regulation?
Checkpoints: Points in the cycle where the cell checks for problems.
G1 Checkpoint: Makes sure the cell is ready to copy DNA.
G2 Checkpoint: Checks if DNA was copied correctly before mitosis.
M Checkpoint: Ensures chromosomes are properly aligned for division.
what is mitosis?
Mitosis: Creates two identical cells for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
what is meiosis?
Meiosis: Reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four unique sperm or eggs for sexual reproduction.
what is cancer?
Cancer: When the cell cycle is out of control, causing cells to divide uncontrollably.
