Chapter 11 Sociological Perspectives Flashcards
sex
refers to biological identity, being male or female
gender
the socially learned expectations, identities, and behaviors associated with members of each sex
intersexed
those born with a combination of characteristics that are usually assumed to mean either male or female
biological determinism
refers to explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics
gender socialization
men and women learn the expectations and identities associated with gender in society
gender identity
one’s definition of oneself as a woman or man, or perhaps as transgender
transgender
those who live as a gender different from that to which they were assigned at birth
homophobia
the fear and hatred of gays and lesbians
gendered institutions
the total pattern of gender relations that structure social institutions, including the stereotypical expectations, interpersonal relationships, and the different placement of men and women that are found in institutions
gender stratification
refers to the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender
gender apartheid
extreme segregation and exclusion of women from public life
sexism
defines women as different from and inferior to men
the mommy tax
the loss of income women experience if if they reenter the labor market after staying home to raise children
patriarchy
referring to a society or group in which men have power over women
matriarchy
defined as a society or group in which women have power over men
labor force participation rate
the percentage of those in a given category who are employed either part time or full time
the equal pay act of 1963
the first federal law to require that men and women receive equal pay for equal work, an idea that is supported by a majority of Americans
Lily Ledbetter fair pay act of 2009
Extended the protections of the Civil rights bill of 1964. This act states that discrimination claims on the basis of sex, race, national origin, age, religion, and disability accrue with every paycheck, giving workers time to file claims of discrimination and eliminating earlier incentives for employers to cloak discrimination and then claim the employee filed their claims after the fact
human capital theory
explains gender differences in wages as resulting from the individual characteristics that workers bring to jobs
the dual labor market
contends that women and men earn different amounts because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market
secondary labor market
waiting tables, bartending, or serving fast food, etc.
primary labor market
high status professional and managerial jobs
gender segregation
a pattern in which different groups of workers are separated into occupational categories based on gender
overt discrimination
refers to practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment 1
doing gender
interprets gender as something accomplished through the ongoing social interactions people have with one another
queer theory
challenges the idea that sex and gender are binary opposites- that is, either/ or categories
feminist theory
emerged from the women’s movement and refers to analyses that seek to understand the position of women in society for the explicit purpose of improving their position in it
feminism
refers to beliefs and actions that seek a more just society for women
liberal feminism
emphasizes individual rights and equal opportunity as the basis for social justice and reform
radical feminists
think that liberal feminism is limited by assuming that social institutions are basically fair and were women and men treated the same within them
multiracial feminism
evolves from studies pointing out that earlier forms of feminist thinking exlcluded women of color from social analysis
civil rights act of 1964
adopted as the result of political pressure from the civil rights movement, requires equal pay for work
Title IX
forbids gender discrimination in any educational institution receiving federal funds
equal rights amendment
“equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the basis of sex”
