Chapter 11 Sociological Perspectives

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

refers to biological identity, being male or female

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

the socially learned expectations, identities, and behaviors associated with members of each sex

Question 3

intersexed

Answer 3

those born with a combination of characteristics that are usually assumed to mean either male or female

Question 4

biological determinism

Answer 4

refers to explanations that attribute complex social phenomena to physical characteristics

Question 5

gender socialization

Answer 5

men and women learn the expectations and identities associated with gender in society

Question 6

gender identity

Answer 6

one’s definition of oneself as a woman or man, or perhaps as transgender

Question 7

transgender

Answer 7

those who live as a gender different from that to which they were assigned at birth

Question 8

homophobia

Answer 8

the fear and hatred of gays and lesbians

Question 9

gendered institutions

Answer 9

the total pattern of gender relations that structure social institutions, including the stereotypical expectations, interpersonal relationships, and the different placement of men and women that are found in institutions

Question 10

gender stratification

Answer 10

refers to the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender

Question 11

gender apartheid

Answer 11

extreme segregation and exclusion of women from public life

Question 12

sexism

Answer 12

defines women as different from and inferior to men

Question 13

the mommy tax

Answer 13

the loss of income women experience if if they reenter the labor market after staying home to raise children

Question 14

patriarchy

Answer 14

referring to a society or group in which men have power over women

Question 15

matriarchy

Answer 15

defined as a society or group in which women have power over men

Question 16

labor force participation rate

Answer 16

the percentage of those in a given category who are employed either part time or full time

Question 17

the equal pay act of 1963

Answer 17

the first federal law to require that men and women receive equal pay for equal work, an idea that is supported by a majority of Americans

Question 18

Lily Ledbetter fair pay act of 2009

Answer 18

Extended the protections of the Civil rights bill of 1964. This act states that discrimination claims on the basis of sex, race, national origin, age, religion, and disability accrue with every paycheck, giving workers time to file claims of discrimination and eliminating earlier incentives for employers to cloak discrimination and then claim the employee filed their claims after the fact

Question 19

human capital theory

Answer 19

explains gender differences in wages as resulting from the individual characteristics that workers bring to jobs

Question 20

the dual labor market

Answer 20

contends that women and men earn different amounts because they tend to work in different segments of the labor market

Question 21

secondary labor market

Answer 21

waiting tables, bartending, or serving fast food, etc.

Question 22

primary labor market

Answer 22

high status professional and managerial jobs

Question 23

gender segregation

Answer 23

a pattern in which different groups of workers are separated into occupational categories based on gender

Question 24

overt discrimination

Answer 24

refers to practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment 1

Question 25

doing gender

Answer 25

interprets gender as something accomplished through the ongoing social interactions people have with one another

Question 26

queer theory

Answer 26

challenges the idea that sex and gender are binary opposites- that is, either/ or categories

Question 27

feminist theory

Answer 27

emerged from the women’s movement and refers to analyses that seek to understand the position of women in society for the explicit purpose of improving their position in it

Question 28

feminism

Answer 28

refers to beliefs and actions that seek a more just society for women

Question 29

liberal feminism

Answer 29

emphasizes individual rights and equal opportunity as the basis for social justice and reform

Question 30

radical feminists

Answer 30

think that liberal feminism is limited by assuming that social institutions are basically fair and were women and men treated the same within them

Question 31

multiracial feminism

Answer 31

evolves from studies pointing out that earlier forms of feminist thinking exlcluded women of color from social analysis

Question 32

civil rights act of 1964

Answer 32

adopted as the result of political pressure from the civil rights movement, requires equal pay for work

Question 33

Title IX

Answer 33

forbids gender discrimination in any educational institution receiving federal funds

Question 34

equal rights amendment

Answer 34

“equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the basis of sex”