Chapter 11: Skull Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Skull: Lateral
(R or L position)
(80@5)
POP: Upright seated, recumbent
POP: MSP parallel to IR; IOML parallel to IR; IPL perpendicular to IR.
CR: Perpendicular 2” superior to EAM.
Collimation: 1” beyond skin line of skull (include vertex, anterior, posterior, and base borders) 10x12”
SS: Superimposed parietal bones, sella turcica in profile, anterior/posterior clinoid process
Eval: Superimposed EAM, Superimposed TMJ, No overlap of cervical spine w/ mandible
Skull: Lateral
Dorsal Decubitus Position
(80@5)
POP: Dorsal decubitus; elevate head
POP: IPL perpendicular to IR and MSP vertical; IOML parallel to IR.
CR: Horizontal beam perpendicular 2” superior to EAM
Collimation: 1” beyond skin line of skull (vertex, anterior, posterior, and base borders) 10x12”CW
SS: Superimposed parietal bones, sella turcica in profile, anterior/posterior clinoid process
Eval: Superimposed EAM, Superimposed TMJ, No overlap of cervical spine w/ mandible
Skull: PA or PA Axial (Caldwell)
(75@16)
POP: Prone or upright seated. MSP, rest forehead and nose on bucky.
POP: OML and MSP perpendicular
CR: PA - Perpendicular to exit the nasion
CR: PA Axial (Caldwell) - 15-degree caudad to exit nasion
Collimation: 1” beyond skin shadow on sides and include vertex. 10x12”
SS: (PA - Petrous ridges fill the orbits and posterior ethmoid cells)
(PA Axial - Petrous ridges in lower 1/3 orbits)
Eval: Equidistant lateral borders to lateral borders of orbits
Skull: AP and AP Axial (Reverse Caldwell)
(75@16)
POP: supine or upright seated.
POP: Ensure that MSP and OML are perpendicular to IR.
CR: AP - Perpendicular to nasion
CR: AP axial - 15-degree cephalad to nasion
Collimation: 1” beyond skin shadow, include vertex. 10x12”
SS: (AP- Petrous ridges fill the orbits and posterior ethmoid cells)
(AP Axial - Petrous ridges in lower 1/3 orbits)
Eval: Equidistant lateral borders to lateral borders of orbits
*Increased OID
Skull: AP Axial (Towne)
(75@16)
POP: Supine, upright seated.
POP: Ensure that MSP is perpendicular to IR. Tuck chin to make OML or IOML perpendicular.
CR: Enters ~2.5” above glabella & passes through level of EAM.
(OML - Angle 30-degree caudad)
(IOML - when patient cannot flex, 37-degree caudad)
Collimation: 1” beyond the skin, include vertex. 10x12”LW
**Move up CR, and open up sides if needed
SS: Posterior clinoid processes and dorsum sella projected through foramen magnum. Symmetric petrous pyramids.
Skull: PA Axial
(Haas) (75@16)
POP: Prone or upright seated
POP: Pt’s forehead and nose on table; MSP perpendicular to IR. Tuck chin to make OML perpendicular.
CR: Angle 25-degrees cephalad to enter 1.5” below the inion and exit approx. 1.5” superior to nasion (the exit point is going to be off).
Collimation: 1” beyond skin shadows, include vertex. 10x12”LW
SS: Occipital region, posterior clinoid and dorsum sella projected through foramen magnum, equidistant lateral borders to lateral margins of foramen magnum
*Easier positioning for hypersthenic or obese pts.
Skull: Submentovertical SMV (Schuller) (75@16)
POP: Supine or seated upright
POP: Extend head until vertex rests on table or wall bucky. MSP perpendicular and IOML parallel.
CR: Directed through sella turcica. Perpendicuar to IOML (3/4” anterior to the EAM through the throat and between mandibular angles)
Collimation: 1” beyond shadow of tip of nose and 1” beyond lateral border.
Use two green sponges, one blue, expect Lalo one green and one blue
SS: Symmetric petrosae, mastoid processes, foramina ovale and spinosum. Mental protuberance superimposed over anterior frontal bone
Orbits/Eye: Lateral
R or L Position
(75@5 NO grid)
POP: Semi-prone or upright seated.
POP: MSP parallel with IR; IPL perpendicular to IR; IOML parallel to IR.
CR: Perpendicular to outer canthus
Collimation: anatomy of interest to include superior, inferior and lateral orbital margins. <10x12” LW
SS: Entire orbit; superimposed orbital roofs. No grid to reduce magnification and eliminate possible artifacts.
Orbits/Eye: PA Axial
(75@16)
POP: Prone or seated upright
POP: MSP and OML perpendicular to IR. Rest pt’s forehead and nose on IR.
CR: IR is 3/4” distal to nasion; 30-degrees caudad through center of orbits.
Collimation: anatomy of interest to include superior, inferior and lateral orbital margins. <10x12” LW
SS: Entire orbit; petrous pyramids lying below orbital shadows, symmetrical orbits.
Orbits/Eye: Parietoacanthial (Modified Water)
(75@16)
POP: prone or seated upright; instruct pt to close eyes
POP: MSP perpendicular to IR. Flex pt’s neck to make OML form a 50-degree angle with IR. IR centered to orbits.
CR: perpendicular to mid-orbits
Collimation: anatomy of interest to include superior, inferior and lateral orbital margins.
SS: Entire orbit; petrous pyramids lying below orbital shadows, symmetrical orbits
*Preferred for petrous margin displacement by part adjustment rather than CR angulation
Orbit/Eye: Parietoacanthial (Waters)
(75@16)
POP: prone or seated upright
POP: PA skull with nose approx. 3/4” off bucky, with tip of chin on IR. OML forms a 37-degree able with plane of film. MML perpendicular to IR
CR: Perpendicular to nasion
Collimation: anatomy of interest to include superior, inferior and lateral orbital margins.
SS: Maxillary sinuses projected above petrous ridges
Facial Bones: Lateral
R or L position
(75@5)
POP: Semiprone or seated upright
POP: MSP parallel with IR; IPL perpendicular. True lateral skull, with IOML parallel to IR.
CR: Perpendicular entering lateral surface of zygoma (halfway between outer canthus and EAM)
Collimation: Extend 1” beyond the shadow of tip of nose, superiorly to 1” above the supraorbital margins, inferiorly to gonion, and posteriorly to EAM. 6x10” LW
Make sure mandible is not clipped or will be given a repeat
SS: Lateral facial bones with both sides superimposed. Zygomatic bone centered. Superimposed mandibular rami and orbital roofs. Sella turcica in profile.
Facial Bones: Parietoacanthial
(Waters)
(75@16)
POP: prone or seated upright
POP: PA skull with nose approx. 3/4” off bucky, with tip of chin on IR. OML forms a 37-degree able with plane of film. MML perpendicular to IR
CR: Perpendicular to exit acanthion
Collimation: 1” on sides, superiorly to include supraorbital margins and inferior to include chin; < 8x10” LW
SS: Orbits, maxillae and zygomatic arches.
Eval: Entire orbits and facial bones. Equidistant lateral borders of skill and orbits. Petrous ridges projected below maxillary sinuses.
Facial Bones: Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters)
(75@16)
POP: prone or seated upright
POP: PA skull with nose approx. 3/4” off bucky, with tip of chin on IR. Flex pt’s neck to make OML form a 55-degree angle with IR (but will do 50-degrees in skills).
CR: perpendicular to acanthion
Collimation: 1” on sides, superiorly to include supraorbital margin and inferior to include chin; <8x10”
SS: Petrous ridges projected midway through the maxillary sinuses.
Facial Bones: Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters)
(75@16)
POP: Supine, trauma
POP: MSP perpendicular to IR. Extend neck so that OML forms a 37-degree angle with IR.
CR: Perpendicular to acanthion. IF pt is unable to extend the chin, angle CR to be parallel with MML
Collimation: 1” laterally, superiorly, and inferiorly to chin, no larger than 8x10” LW
SS: Superior facial bones will be magnified. Entire orbits. Equidistant lateral borders of skull and orbits. Petrous ridges projected below maxillary sinuses.
