Chapter 11: Review Menden and the Gene Idea

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

Specific DNA nucleotide that encodes for a “unit of heredity”

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

Different versions of gene

Question 3

Locus

Answer 3

Physical location on the chromosome

Question 4

Diploid vs Haploid

Answer 4

2 sets vs 1 set of homologous chromosomes

Question 5

Genotype vs Phenotype

Answer 5

genetic constitution vs observable characteristics of an organism

Question 6

Four Possible Allele Combinations

Answer 6

1. Homozygous Dominant
   2,3. Heterozygous
2. Homozygous Recessive

Question 7

Homozygous Dominant

Answer 7

2 copies of same dominant allele (PP)

Question 8

Heterozygous

Answer 8

1 copy of each of two DIFFERENT alleles (Pp)

Question 9

Homozygous Recessive

Answer 9

2 copies of same recessive allele (pp)

Question 10

Phenotypic ratio

Answer 10

Monohybrid: 3:1
Dihybrid: 9:3:3:1

Question 11

Genotypic ratio

Answer 11

Monohybrid: 1:2:1

Question 12

Law of Segregation

Answer 12

Two alleles separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes (equal frequency)
(Anaphase I of meiosis)

Question 13

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 13

Allele segregation of one gene does not affect the segregation of another gene; allows all combinations of alleles from different genes

Question 14

Mendel

Answer 14

• Alternate copies of genes exist (alleles) and account for variation in inherited characteristics
• A diploid organism inherits two copies (alleles) for each character, one from each parent
• If the two alleles at a locus differ, the dominant allele will determine the organism’s phenotype; the recessive allele will have no noticeable effect

Question 15

dominant allele vs recessive allele

Answer 15

allele that fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote (AA, A_) vs allele whose phenotype effect is not observed in a heterozygote (aa)

Question 16

Monohybrid cross

Answer 16

a cross between two heterozygous for one character

Question 17

Dihybrid cross

Answer 17

a cross between two heterozygous for two characters (RrYy)

Question 18

Complete dominance

Answer 18

Dominant allele is completely expressed or have heterozygous (PP, Pp)

Question 19

Incomplete dominance

Answer 19

Dominant allele is not completely expressed with recessive allele (1:2:1) (C^R C^R, C^R C^W, C^W C^W)

Question 20

Co-dominance

Answer 20

Both alleles expressed in heterozygotes equally (I^A I^B) (Blood type)

Question 21

Product Rule

Answer 21

finding probability of both of two events that are independent; multiply chances each event occurs alone (AND)

Question 22

Sum Rule

Answer 22

finding the probability of either of two events that cannot occur simultaneously; adding their probabilities (OR)

Question 23

P

Answer 23

The original (parent) set of individual plants that are mated

Question 24

F1

Answer 24

The offspring of the P generation

Question 25

F2

Answer 25

The offspring of F1 generation

Question 26

Progeny

Answer 26

offspring (F1 is offspring of P)

Question 27

Testcross

Answer 27

a cross between dominant allele and recessive allele

Question 28

True-breeding

Answer 28

Produces offspring with same phenotypes as the parent (Homozygous)
- Crossing two true-breeding plants (hybridization)
- P generation’s offspring is the F1 generation

Question 29

Carrier

Answer 29

person who has difference genetics in one copy of a gene but doesn’t have disease

Question 30

Independent Events

Answer 30

Two events are independent if the occurrence of one event does not affect the chances of the occurrence of the other event.

Question 31

Mutually Exclusive Events

Answer 31

Two events cannot occur at the same time