Chapter 11: Reproduction In Humans Flashcards
State all the functions of the male reproductive system
1) Testis
2) Scrotum
3) Sperm duct
4) Prostate gland
5) Urethra
6) Penis
7) Sperm
1) Produces sperms and male sex hormones such as testosterone
2) A pouch-like sac that is located outside the body cavity to maintain a lower temperature for the development of sperms
3) A pathway travelled by sperms after they are released from the testis
4) It activates sperms by secreting a slippery fluid that contains nutrients and enzymes
5) A tube that extends from the bladder, through the penis, to outside the body
6) An erectile organ that gets hard and erect during sexual intercourse to deposit semen into the vagina
- An erection occurs when the spongy tissue in the penis is filled with blood
7) Are produced throughout the lifetime of a male human after they meet the physical maturity
State the function of the structures in the sperm
1) Head
2) Middle piece
3) Tail
1) A nucleus that carries one haploid set of chromosomes
- Small amount of cytoplasm and an acrosome that contains enzymes for breaking down part of the egg membrane for sperm nucleus to enter egg cell
2) It contains numerous mitochondria that release energy for aerobic respiration for the sperm to swim to the egg
3) It propels and enables the sperm to swim towards the egg in the oviduct
State all the functions of the female reproductive system
1) Ovary
2) Oviduct
3) Uterus
4) Cervix
5) Vagina
1) Produces egg and female sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone
2) A narrow muscular tube with a funnel-like opening at the ovary
- Where the mature eggs from the ovary are released into for fertilisation to take place
3) The location where the foetus is developed. It has muscular walls that enables contractions during birth to expel out the foetus.
- The location where the embryo develops
4) The circular ring of muscles at the lower end of the uterus
5) The location where semen is deposited during sexual intercourse
Define puberty and how it is seen in males and females
Puberty refers to the stage of human growth and development of a human body which becomes capable of reproduction
Male : Production of sperms begins
Female : Menstruation and ovulation begins
Define fertilisation
The fusion of the sperm nucleus and the ovum nucleus to form a zygote in the oviduct
Explain the early development of zygote
1) The cilia lining the oviduct sweeps the zygote towards the uterus
2) The zygote undergoes mitosis which then becomes an embryo
3) The embryo is then embedded into the uterine lining
Define HIV (STI), how it spreads and how to prevent it
HIV is transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through blood, semen, and vaginal fluids
How it spreads:
1) Unprotected sexual intercourse with infected person
2) Pregnant women passed to fetus
3) Sharing of needles
How to prevent it:
1)
- Stay with one sexual partner
- Use a condom during sexual intercourse
- Don’t have sex
2) Avoid abusing drugs as drugs addicts tend to share needles
3) Educate and spread awareness about how HIV/STI is transmitted and how to prevent it
Define menstrual cycle and menstruation
Menstrual cycle: A cycle of event that occurs in the female reproductive organs
Menstruation: The monthly discharge of blood from the uterus via the vagina
State the factors affecting menstrual cycle
Stress, illness, malnutrition, unbalanced diet
State the function of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone
Oestrogen: Repairing and growing
Progesterone: Further thickens and maintains thickness. Prevents ovulation
Describe menstruation in relation to thickness of uterine lining
1) Day 1 - 5 (graph going down)
2) Day 5-14 (graph going up)
3) Day 14 onwards (graph remains constant
1) The lining of the uterus breaks down due to the discharge of blood from the uterus via the vagina
2) The lining of the uterus repairs and grows and is filled with blood capillaries
3) The lining of the uterus further thickens and maintains at its maximum
