Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TEK9320 Battery Technology > Chapter 11 - Recycleability > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Recycleability Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outlook for supply of Li going forward?

A

Seems to be adequate (estimated a required 230 ktons of 16000 ktons reserve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the outlook for supply of Ni going forward?

A

Seems to be adequate (estimated a required 340 ktons of 74000 ktons reserve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the outlook for supply of Co going forward?

A

A real concern (estimated 910 ktons reserves of 7100 ktons reserves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Can we expect end of life recycling to contribute much to raw materials in the short run?

A

No - there is not enough batteries that are ‘ripe’ for recycling yet. Need at least 10 years after initial market penetration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much of the world’s reserves of cobalt is in DRC?

A

3.4 Mtons of a total of 7 Mtons (= 48,6%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cost break down between materials, labour, pruchased items and captial equipment and building (based on 2014 breakdown of plug-in hybrid battery)?

A

Materials: 59%
Captial equipment and building: 18%
Purchased items: 16%
Labour: 7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a rough estimate of the wt% of different components in a battery?

A 
Cathode: ~30%
Anode: ~20%
Electrolyte: ~10%
Cell casing: ~5%
Pack and module: ~35%
Separator: ~4%
Tabs: < 1%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much approximately does the cathode make up of the total battery?

A

~30 wt%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much approximately does the anode make up of the total battery

A

~20 wt%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much approxmiately does the electrolyte make up of the total battery?

A

~10 wt%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much approximately does the pack and module make up of the total battery?

A

~35 wt%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much approximately does the cell casing make up of the total battery?

A

~5 wt%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How much approximately do the separators make up of the total battery?

A

~4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much approximately does the tabs make up of the total battery?

A

< 1 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a large obstacle for recycling in terms of compositions?

A

No standard for composition of electrodes. Not disclosed by manufacturers. Can’t standardise recycling process for a handful of standards, but must instead make a “one-size-fits-all” approach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the different recycling methods compare to virgin materials production (of e.g. LCO) in terms of SOx emissions?

A

Virgin material generally produced from sulfide ores. Initial production is emission intensive.

All recycling processes reduce SOx emissions quite substantially.

17
Q

What are some advantages of pyrometallurgy?

A
  • Flexible process input (can handle batteries of mixed cathode composition)
  • No sorting or size reduction
  • Profit from recovery of Co, Ni, Cu
  • SOx emissions from metal production is avoided
  • Commercially viable now
18
Q

What are some disadvantages of pyrometallurgy?

A
  • Li, Al go to slag
  • Organics burned
  • Additional processing needed to separate metals
  • Expensive gas treatment
  • High temperature process
  • Captial intensive
  • Requires high volume
  • Not useful for LFP
19
Q

What is pyrometallurgy?

A

Smelting the incoming material to extract the metal.

20
Q

What is the main cost driver for pyrometallurgy?

A

Gas treatment to prevent relase of fluorine compounds and harmful organics.

21
Q

What is hydrometallurgy?

A

Extraction into a liquid.

22
Q

What are some advantages of hydrometallurgy?

A
  • Substrate foils recovered directly
  • Low temperature, low energy
  • Li can be recovered, as well as TM
  • Output can be converted to cathode precursors
  • Can be used for the mix of cathodes
  • Can be used for prompt scrap
23
Q

What are some disadvantages of hydrometallurgy?

A
  • Requires size reduction
  • Acid breaks down cathode structure
  • No valuable product from LFP
  • Solvent extraction needed to separate Co and Ni (or use mixture)
24
Q

What are some advantages of direct recycling?

A
  • Retains valuable cathode structure
  • Can also recover anode, electrolyte and foils
  • Can be used for LFP and LMO cathodes
  • Could be used now for prompt scrap, low volumes
  • Low temperature, low energy
  • Avoids most impacts of virgin material production
25
Q

What are some disadvantages of direct recycling?

A
  • Requires single-cathode input
  • May recover obsolete formulation
  • Degradation may limit repeats
  • Buyer must be assured of quality
  • Not demonstrated at scale
26
Q

Sketch a schematic for direct recling

A

1) Shred and screen, recover Cu and Al foils
2) Black mass sent for physical processing
3a) Cathode recovered, relithiated
3b) Anode discarded

27
Q

Sketch a schematic for hydrometallurgy

A

1) Shred and screen, recover Cu and Al foils
2) Black mass sent for acid leaching
3) Dissolved salts separated
4) Cathode production

28
Q

What is acid used for in recycling?

A

It is used to separate the cathode components from each other. Lower pH expected to enable more separation. Lithium can be separated from the TM oxides, which in turn can be separated from each other by solvent extraction or precipitated and reused to make new cathodes.

29
Q

What are the materials collection issues related with recycling?

A

Lifetime of batteries for small electronic devices and laptops is about 3 years. This means that there are an insane amont of devices available for recycling. Many things lie dormant in drawers around households.

30
Q

What is issue with removal of batteries from vehicles for recycling?

A

Takes training and time to remove batteries from an electrical vehicle. Safety of the person removing the battery and those handling it after removal is an issue. This adds cost.

Battery may thus not have a positive value, and may even cost money to recycle.

31
Q

What are the problems of transportation and logistics related with recycling?

A

Transportation costs are high - must be safe and within regulatory constraints.Safety has already been a concern. Air shipment is not permitted.

32
Q

What are some policy and regulatory issues related to recycling?

A

As of now, no known regulation provides specific guidlines for removing, discharging, disassembling and storing used LIBs. EU mandates that product manufacturers are responsible for collection and recycling of spent LIBs (hope is that they plan better for EOL during design phase)

TEK9320 Battery Technology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions