chapter 11 PS

Question 1

the capacity of the individual child or adult to grow healthily and thrive in the context of negative social or environmental circumstances

Answer 1

resilience

Question 2

a sub-field of psychology concerned with how the parts of personality and their organization develop and change over time

Answer 2

personality development

Question 3

biobehavioral elements of the individual, such as tempo, activity level, and positive emotions that form building blocks later traits and behavior

Answer 3

temperament

Question 4

a personality type (or form) representing a constellation of mental features such as traits or dynamics that occurs with enough frequency to form a category. Members of the group are different in their mental qualities from members of other groups

Answer 4

personality types or forms

Question 5

periods of growth, arranged in a sequence, in which each period can be distinguished from the next according to a set of criteria

Answer 5

developmental stages

Question 6

an approach to developmental research in which people of two or more different ages are compared in order to assess the influence of age on mental functioning

Answer 6

cross-sectional research design

Question 7

an approach to developmental research in which people are followed across time to see how they change or stay the same

Answer 7

longitudinal research design

Question 8

a broad smile produced by 6 month old infants. evolutionary psychologists believe the smile evolved to encourage parental attention

Answer 8

social smile

Question 9

a theory proposed by John Bowlby that there exists a special mental system in infants responsible for establishing secure relationships with a caretaker, which continues to exert control over relationships as the individual matures

Answer 9

attachment theory

Question 10

the system responsible for establishing an infant’s secure relationship with a caretaker, which continues to exert control over relationships as the individual matures

Answer 10

attachment system

Question 11

a distinctive relationship an infant can form with its mother or other primary caretaker

Answer 11

attachment pattern

Question 12

an experimental situation in which attachment patterns are measured. a mother sits in a playroom and the infant is evaluated according to how far he will separate from her. the mother leaves briefly, a stranger comes in and leaves, and the other returns, while the infant’s reactions are monitored

Answer 12

strange situation

Question 13

a relationship which an individual has a reliable bond with another person that allows for safe separation and independence, coupled with comfortable, welcomed returns to the caretaker

Answer 13

secure attachment

Question 14

a relationship which an individual has an uncertain or nervous bond with another person that limits independence and is coupled with somewhat fretful, yet welcomed returns to the caretaker

Answer 14

anxious-resistant attachment

Question 15

a relationship in which an individual has an uncertain or nervous bond with another person that limits independence and is coupled with somewhat ambivalent, uncertain returns to the caretaker

Answer 15

anxious-avoidant attachment

Question 16

one of two dimensions of parenting proposed by Baumrind; it concerns providing emotional support and caring for children

Answer 16

nurturance

Question 17

one of two dimensions of parenting proposed by Baurmind; it concerns governing a child’s behavior and ensuring that it is personally and socially responsible

Answer 17

control

Question 18

an approach to raising children in which the caretaker exercises control over the child in a nurturing fashion; for example, by establishing and enforcing rules for their child’s benefit while also explaining the purpose of such rules

Answer 18

authoritative parenting

Question 19

an approach to raising children in which the caretaker exercises control over the child but with little explanation for the reasons why control is exerted, and with little concern for the child’s needs or feelings

Answer 19

authoritarian parenting

Question 20

an approach to raising children in which the caretaker treats the child in a nurturing, caring fashion but without providing much structure and without enforcing important rules

Answer 20

permissive (or indulgent) parenting

Question 21

an approach to raising children in which the caretaker is relatively unconcerned with a child, and neither monitors or enforces any rules concerning the child or the child’s behavior, and fails to nurture the child

Answer 21

uninvolved (or neglectful) parenting

Question 22

the genetically designated reproductive role a person is biologically assigned

Answer 22

sex

Question 23

the social behaviors and actions a person is expected to carry out in relation to his or her sex

Answer 23

gender role

Question 24

a measurement technique in which a trained psychologist can integrate case and/or test material about a person by arranging 100 descriptions about an individual into 11 piles according to those that best describe the individual

Answer 24

California Q-sort

Question 25

a trait describing the relatively stable, positive qualities of a person’s ego system: his or her thoughts, feelings, and goal-directed behaviors

Answer 25

ego strength

Question 26

a trait describing the relative capacity of an individual to respond flexibly to the environment in a fashion that is neither overcontrolled nor undercontrolled

Answer 26

ego control

Question 27

a period of sexual maturation during which a child achieves the capacity to reproduce

Answer 27

puberty

Question 28

in girls, the time, often between ages 11 to 13, during which the ovary, uterus, and vagina mature and the first menstrual period occurs

Answer 28

menarche

Question 29

traits or other qualities typically associated with being male

Answer 29

masculinity

Question 30

traits or other qualities typically associated with being female

Answer 30

femininity

Question 31

the quality of possessing traits or other qualities associated both with being male and with being female

Answer 31

androgeny

Question 32

refers to the model one creates of who one is in one’s life; it often suggests a specifically social emphasis, concerning in particular how one fits into or plans to fit into, the surrounding world

Answer 32

identity

Question 33

a stage or crisis or period of time during which a person experiences frustration, concern, and worry about who he or she is in the social world and seeks to better understand how to fit in with the world

Answer 33

identity crisis

Question 34

a process during which an individual explores different identities, searching for the one that best fits his or her own being and outlook

Answer 34

identity exploration

Question 35

a process by which an individual gradually entrusts himself or herself to a particular social self-concept for fitting into society and the world more generally

Answer 35

identity commitment

Question 36

a classification of how a person views his or her occupational and social roles, based on whether the person has sufficiently explored those roles and committed to one

Answer 36

identity status

Question 37

an identity status that involves committing oneself to a social and occupational role without having explored its alternatives

Answer 37

foreclosure status

Question 38

an identity status involves not recognizing that one needs to develop a coherent model of who one is. The individual experiencing this condition will often employ a series of partial or contradictory models of who he or she is

Answer 38

diffused identity status

Question 39

involves postponing making a commitment to a social and occupational role until one has completed further exploration

Answer 39

moratorium status

Question 40

the highest level of identity status in which a person has adequately explored social and occupational roles and has committed to one that fairly represents her or his desires, needs, values, and goals

Answer 40

achieved identity status