Chapter 11 - Pathology

Question 1

Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias)

Answer 1

Arrhythmias

Question 2

Failure of proper conducts of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

Answer 2

Bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

Question 3

Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.

Answer 3

Flutter

Question 4

Very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)

Answer 4

Fibrillation

Question 5

2 types of fibrillations?

Answer 5

1. Atrial fibrillation (AF)
   - most common type of cardiac arrhythmia
   - electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting in a coordinates rhythm
2. Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
   - electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles
   - may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest

Question 6

Congenital heart disease

Answer 6

Abnormalities in the heart at birth

Question 7

3 types of congenital heart disease?

Answer 7

1. Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
   - narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
2. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
   - passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth
3. Septal defects
   - small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)

Question 8

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 8

Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

Question 9

Symptoms of CHF?

Answer 9

Shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention
Pulmonary deems and edema in the legs, feet and ankles are common

Question 10

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 10

Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Usually a result of atherosclerosis. Blood flow is decreased (ischemia) or stopped entirely leading to death (necrosis) of a part of the myocardium, which constitutes a myocardial infarction . The dead myocardial myocardial tissue is know as an infarct, which is eventually replaced by scar tissue.

Question 11

4 medications used to treat CAD

Answer 11

1. Nitroglycerin
2. Aspirin
3. Beta-blockers
4. ACE inhibitors

Question 12

Endocarditis?

Answer 12

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Inflammation may affect valves

Question 13

hypertensive heart disease?

Answer 13

High blood pressure affecting the heart

Question 14

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) ?

Answer 14

Improper closure of the mitral valve

Question 15

Murmur?

Answer 15

Extra heart sound, heard between normal beat

Question 16

Pericarditis?

Answer 16

Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart

Question 17

Rheumatic heart disease

Answer 17

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

Question 18

Aneurysm?

Answer 18

Local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall

Question 19

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 19

Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

May result in a pulmonary embolism

Question 20

Hypertension (HTN)

Answer 20

High blood pressure

140/90 mm Hg or greater

Question 21

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Answer 21

Blockage of the arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs

A sign of PAD is claudification (absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest, but lain, tension and weakness after walking has begun

Question 22

Raynaud disease

Answer 22

Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

Question 23

Varicose veins

Answer 23

Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

Caused by valve malfunction in veins