Chapter 11: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage Flashcards
When did economies based on livestock production (pastoralists) emerge
about 4000 B.C.E
What types of livestock were pastoralists dependent on
horses, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, yaks, and reindeer
Where did pastoralist societies take shape
inner grasslands of Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa, Arabian and Sahara deserts, subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and the high plateau of Tibet
What was more productive economically and could support more people, agricultural or pastoral societies
agricultural
Were pastoral societies usually nomadic or sedentary
nomadic
Did pastoral values distinguish between class
usually didn’t; stressed equality and individual achievement (though they held slaves)
In which society did women have a greater role and more freedoms, agricultural or pastoral
pastoral
How were pastoralists dependent and deeply connected to their agricultural neighbors
they sought access to foodstuffs, manufactured goods, and luxury items
Why was a large state among pastoralists challenging to form
they often lacked the surplus wealth to form one
How did large pastoralist states extract wealth
raiding, trading, and exortion
At times pastoralists adopted these agricultural religions through cultural interaction
Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Manichaeism, and Christianity
What significant change helped allow pastoralists to master environments which were unsuitable for agriculture
horseback riding
What enabled the possibility of pastoral empires
mastery of mounted warfare
Who founded the Xiongnu Empire
Modun (ruled 210-174 B.C.E.)
Where was the Xiongnu Empire formed
the Mongolian steppes
What did the Xiongnu provide a model for
later Turkic and Mongol Empires
When did pastoralists leave their most significant mark on world history
during the era of third wave civilizations (~500-1500 C.E.)
What allowed pastoral Bedouin Arabs to become effective camelback fighters
the development of a reliable camel saddle
Where did southern Siberian and Mongolian Turkic speaking pastoralists migrate to using the inroads they made
they migrate westward
What did southern Siberian and Mongolian Turkic speaking pastoralists create after they migrated westward
a series of empires between 552 and 965 C.E. (all lasting about a century)
Where did Turkic culture spread
much of inner Asia and beyond
In what empire did Turks begin to claim the Muslim title “sultan”
the Seljuk Empire
in the longer lasting Turkic dynasties what happened to pastoralism
it got mostly replaced with agriculture
What led to pastoral Berber socieities
the introduction of the camel in northern Africa and the Sahara
What group built the Almoravid Empire in the 1000s
Islamic Sanhaja Berbers
Who formed the largest land-based empire in history (after breaking out from their homeland)
The Mongols
What two societies did the Mongol Empire join together
agricultural and pastoral
What 3 civilizations did the Mongol Empire bring in direct contact
Europe, China, and the Islamic World
in relation to its size and reputation, the Mongol Empire left a modest
______ impact on the world
cultural
Who recognized Temujin as Chinggis Khan
a Mongol tribal assembly (from 1206)
What started a 50 year Mongol world war
a major attack on China in 1209
What did Chinggis Khan see conquests as
a mission to unite the entire world
What were Mongol numbers like during war
they were greatly outnumebred
What was the key to Mongol success
their well led, organized, and disciplined military which remained loyal
What happened if any solider deserted in a Mongol military unit
the entire unit is killed
What did the Mongols have a reputation for in war
brutality and utter destructiveness
What allowed the Mongols to mobalize
elaborate census, taxation system (for conquered peoples), system of relay stations
Who were given lower administrative posts in the Mongol Empire
Chinese and Muslim officials
How long did the Mongol conquest of China take; was it easy or difficult
70 years (1209-1279); it was difficult
Was the conquest of southern China less or more violent than the north
less
What did the Chinese believe about Mongol rule
they believed the Mongols were granted the Mandate of Heaven
What did the Mongols do in agricultural areas which they didn’t know how to govern
they used Chinese administrative practices and taxation techniques
What is modern name of the new capital in China which the Mongols built named Khanbalik (city of the khan)
Beijing
What did many of Khubilai Khan’s policies reflect
values of benevolent Confucian inspired Chinese emperors
What did Marco Polo say about Mongol treatment of Chinese
He said they treated them like slaves
What did the Mongols heavily rely on in administration
foreigners in administration
By Chinese standard, how was Mongol treatment of women
they were considered relatively free
Who led the 2nd attack on Persia
Chinggis Khan’s grandson Hulegu
Where were the Mongols transformed more, China or Persia
Persia
What brought an end to the Abbasid caliphate
The sacking of Baghdad in 1258
What did Ghazan (1295-1304) attempt to do in Persia
he attempted to repair earlier Mongol damage
What did some Mongols in the Il-Khanate convert to
Islam
What did some Mongols in the Il-Khanate take up
agriculture
When did the Mongol Empire collapse
1330s
What did the Mongols do after devastating Russia and why?
they didn’t occupy it but exploited it because it had little to offer
What was the primary Mongol tribute collector
Moscow
Who flourished in Russia due to Mongol conquest
some Russian princes and the Russian Orthodox Church
In what region were Mongol rulers much less assimilated
Russia
What did Russia adopt from the Mongols
weaponry, diplomatic rituals, court practices, tax system, and military draft
When did the Russians break free from Mongol rules
by the end of the 15th century
Did the Mongols produce much for distant markets
no
Why did the Mongols promote international commerce
because it was a source of tax revenue
What did the Mongols do to the security of the trade routes in the Empire
They made them relatively secure
How did the Mongol trading circuit play into the larger Afro-Eurasian commercial network
it was central to the larger network
What did Mongol intrusion into Eastern Europe cause the pope and other European rulers to do
they sent out diplomatic missions to the Mongols which brought back valuable info about the east
What happened with the relationship between the Chinese and Persian courts
they developed close relationships
What happened to craftsmen and educated people that fell under Mongol occupations
they were relocated as part of Mongol policy
What did Mongol religious tolerance and support of merchants draw in
missionaries and traders
Where did Chinese art and technology spread
westward
Where did Islamic astronomy spread to
China
Who particularly benefited from the new found contact with Asia
Europe
Where the the Black Death spread in the early 14th century
Mongol trade routes in Central Asia
Where did the Black Death break out
in northeastern China in 1331
By when did the plague reach the Middle East and Western Europe
by 1347
When did the plague reach East Africa
1409
Approx. how much of Europe’s population died during the initial outbreak of the Black Death (1348-1350)
Approx. half
Approx. how much of the Middle East’s population died by the early 15th century to the plague
Approx. a third
Did the Black Death return
yes, it periodically returned for centuries
What areas were much less affected by the Black Death
India and sub-Saharan Africa
How did the Black Death change European society in the long term
Labor shortages undermining serfdom and fostered greater interest in technological innovation
What did the Black Death create for women for a time in Europe
more employment
What was a primary reason for the breakdown of the Mongol Empire in the 14th to 15th centuries
The plague
How did the Black Death effect trade volume
it was reduced due to population contraction
What areas had the Mongol empire lost control of within a century of its breakdown
China, Persia, and Russia
What did Europeans switch to due to the disruption of land routes
sea trade
What are the 4 khanates
The Golden Horde, Il-Khanate, Chagatai (not really important), and the Yuan dynasty
Who led the Il-Khanate
Hulegu
What did Kublai do with the civil service exam
He kept it
What was the last khanate to leave the Mongol Empire
The Golden Horde
What was pax mongolica
a period when interregional trade was promoted and protected in the Mongol Empire
How did Temujin/Chinggis Khan use meritocracy
he rewarded loyal people to better ranks
Who did Temujin ally with during his uprising and what is this group called
allied with his friends; kinship
What’s a bureaucrat
a paid government official
What happened to Mongols in China after the fall of the Mongol Empire
they went back to Mongolia
What happened to Mongols in Persia after the fall of the Mongol Empire
they became assimilated
How did the Mongols help the Russian Orthodox Church
by giving it tax exemptions
What were the other 4 non-Mongol pastoral societies
Almoravid, Berbers, (Bedouni) Arabs, and Turks
Why didn’t the Mongols expand int Western Europe and the Levant
because they had to pause the conquest for a funeral and gave up on it when they came back to it
How did Hulegu treat Jews and Christians after converting to Islam
he supported their persecution
Who founded/invaded the Golden Horde
Batu Khan
