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Chapter 11 > Chapter 11: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve impulse

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2
Q

adrenal glands

A

triangular-shaped glands on top of each kidney that play a role in the function of the SNS

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3
Q

adrenergic fibers

A

nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine

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4
Q

afferent neuron

A

sensory nerve that carries impulses toward the CNS

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5
Q

alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

receptors to norepinephrine that generally produce an excitatory response

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6
Q

amygdala

A

portion of the limbic system concerned with emotion

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7
Q

arachnoid mater

A

delicate meningeal layer lying between dura mater and pia mater

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

subdivision of the nervous system responsible for regulating activities that maintain homeostasis; also called visceral motor system

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9
Q

axon

A

fiber extending from a neuron’s cell body that conducts impulses

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10
Q

babinski sign

A

an abnormal neurological response in older children and adults that involves dorsiflexion of the great toe along with fanning of the other toes when the sole is firmly stroked.

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11
Q

basal nuclei

A

masses of gray matter deep within the cerebrum; play a role in the control of movement; also called basal ganglia

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12
Q

beta-adrenergic receptors

A

receptors to norepinephrine that generally produce an inhibitory response

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13
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

semi-permable membrane that exists throughout the brain that protects the brain of foreign substances

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14
Q

brainstem

A

stem-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres to the spinal cord; consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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15
Q

broca’s area

A

area in brain’s left hemisphere responsible for the muscle movements required for speech

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16
Q

central canal

A

minute opening through the spinal cord; carries cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

central nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

portion of the brain responsible for the coordination of voluntary movement and balance
second larges region of the brain; plays a role in sensory, cognitive, and emotional functions

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19
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the surface of the cerebrum consisting of a thin layer of gray matter

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20
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear, colorless fluid that fills the brain’s ventricles and central canal and also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain

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22
Q

cholinergic fibers

A

nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine

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23
Q

choroid plexus

A

network of blood vessels lining the floor and wall of the brain’s ventricles; charged with creating cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

corpus collosum

A

thick bundle of nerves that runs along the brain’s longitudinal fissure and joints the two hemispheres of the brain

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25
Q

corticospinal tracts

A

spinal tracts responsible for fine movements of hands, fingers, feet, and toes on the opposite side of the body; also called the pyramidal tracts

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26
Q

cranial nerves

A

nerves of the peripheral nervous system that arise directly from the brain

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27
Q

decussation

A

the action of spinal cord tracts crossing from one side of the body to the other in the brainstem

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28
Q

dendrites

A

portion of neuron charged with receiving signals from other neurons and conducting the information to the body cell

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29
Q

depolarization

A

loss of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the nerve cell membrane

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30
Q

dermatome

A

a specific area of the skin innervated by a spinal nerve

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31
Q

diencephalon

A

region deep inside the brain that consists of thalamus and hypothalamus

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32
Q

dorsal column

A

relays sensations of deep pressure and vibration in the spinal cord

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33
Q

dorsal nerve root

A

posterior spinal nerve root that carries sensory information into the spinal cord

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34
Q

dura mater

A

tough, outer meningeal layer

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35
Q

dural sinuses

A

spaces created by separations in the dura mater; collect blood that has passed through the brain and is on its way back to the heart.

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36
Q

efferent neuron

A

motor nerve that carries impulses away from the CNS

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37
Q

enteric nervous system

A

network of neurons lining the intestinal tract that communicates with the CNS

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38
Q

epidural space

A

small space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae

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39
Q

extrapyramidal tracts

A

group of spinal tracts associated with balance and muscle tone

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40
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of spinal nerve fibers

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41
Q

fissure

A

deep sulci in the cerebrum

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42
Q

frontal lobe

A

portion of the cerebrum responsible for decision making, reasoning, memory, and voluntary movements

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43
Q

glial cells

A

supportive cells of the nervous system; also called neuroglia

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44
Q

gray matter

A

nervous tissue containing mostly cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons

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45
Q

gut-brain axis

A

bidirectional communication pathway between the CNS and enteric nervous system

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46
Q

gyri

A

thick ridges in the cerebrum

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47
Q

hippocampus

A

portion of the limbic system charged with converting short-term memory into long-term memory

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48
Q

hypothalamus

A

the bottom half of the diencephalon of the brain, which is responsible for many vital body functions

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49
Q

insula

A

area of cerebrum hidden behind lateral sulcus; plays a role in perception, motor control, self-awareness, and cognitive functioning

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50
Q

interneurons

A

connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways in the CNS

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51
Q

limbic system

A

complex set of structures in the brain responsible for emotion and learning

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52
Q

medulla oblongata

A

attaches brain to spinal cord; contains centers that govern heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

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53
Q

membrane potential

A

refers to the relative difference of electric charge across the nerve cell membrane

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54
Q

meninges

A

layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord

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55
Q

midbrain

A

portion of the brainstem containing tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses

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56
Q

mixed nerve

A

nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers

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57
Q

motor neurons

A

relay messages from the brain to muscle or gland cells; also known as efferent neurons

58
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

receptors to acetylcholine on target cells that exhibit a variable response

59
Q

myelin

A

fatty sheath encasing the axons of many neurons formed by schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system

60
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of neurons that transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body

61
Q

neuilemma

A

outermost layer of schwann cell; neccessary for nerve regeneration

62
Q

neuroglia

A

cells in the nervous system that support neurons but do not conduct impulses

63
Q

neurons

A

nervous system cells that conduct impulses.

64
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the brain to physically change

65
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

receptors to acetylcholine on target cells that produce an excitatory response

66
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath along an axon

67
Q

occipital lobe

A

portion of the cerebrum responsible for analyzing and interpreting visual information

68
Q

parasympathetic division

A

division of the autonomic nervous system that primarily has a calming effect; also called craniosacral division

69
Q

parietal lobe

A

portion of the cerebrum concerned with body sensations and proprioception

70
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system consisting of the network of nerves throughout the body

71
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meningeal layer covering brain and spinal cord

72
Q

plexus

A

a network of nerves

73
Q

polarization

A

the electrical state of a cell membrane that has an excess of positive ions on one side of the membrane and an excess of negative ions on the other

74
Q

pons

A

portion of the brainstem containing tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain

75
Q

reflex arc

A

a neural circuit that bypasses regions of the brain where conscious decisions are made

76
Q

refractory period

A

period immediately after stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation

77
Q

reticular activating system

A

network of nerve pathways in the brainstem that receives sensory input from eyes and ears to maintain state of wakefulness

78
Q

saltatory conduction

A

conduction of nerve impulses along myelinated axons from one note of ranvier to the next

79
Q

sensory neurons

A

detect stimuli; also known as afferent neurons

80
Q

soma

A

nerve cell body; contains the nucleus

81
Q

somatic reflex

A

reflex involving contraction of a skeletal muscle after being stimulated by a somatic motor neuron

82
Q

spinal nerve

A

single nerve resulting from fusion of dorsal and ventral nerve roots; carries both sensory and motor fibers

83
Q

spinocerebellar tract

A

spinal tract responsible for proprioception

84
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

spinal tract that relays sensations of temperature, pressure, pain, and touch

85
Q

subarachnoid space

A

separates arachnoid matter from pia mater around the brain

86
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid

87
Q

subdural space

A

separates dura from arachnoid mater around the brain

88
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves in the cerebrum

89
Q

sympathetic division

A

division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the fight or flight response; also called thoracolumbar division

90
Q

synapse

A

space between the junction of two neurons in a neural pathway

91
Q

synaptic knob

A

terminal ending of axon branches; contains vesicles containing a neurotransmitter

92
Q

temporal lobe

A

portion of the brain responsible for hearing, smell, and visual recognition

93
Q

thalamus

A

area within the diencephalon that acts as gateway for sensory impulses

94
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons in the spinal cord that serve as routes of communication to and from the brain

95
Q

ventral nerve root

A

anterior spinal nerve that carries motor information out of the spinal cord

96
Q

ventricles

A

four chambers within the brain

97
Q

visceral reflexes

A

reflex of the autonomic nervous system affecting organs

98
Q

wernicke’s area

A

area in brain’s left hemisphere charged with language comprehension; also involved in speech production

99
Q

white matter

A

nervous tissue containing bundles of axons that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

100
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the curvature of the lens changes so the eye can focus on a near object

101
Q

adaptation

A

the diminishing of a sensation that occurs after continuous exposure to a stimulus

102
Q

analgesic

A

drug used to relieve pain

103
Q

anterior cavity

A

space between the lens and cornea of the eye; further divided into an anterior and posterior chamber

104
Q

aqueous humor

A

clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

105
Q

astigmatism

A

asymmetrical or uneven curvature of the cornea, causing light to be focused unevenlya

106
Q

auditory canal

A

tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear

107
Q

auditory ossicles

A

3 small bones that connect the eardrum to the inner ear

108
Q

auricle

A

visible part of the ear; also called the pinna

109
Q

bony labyrinth

A

complicated system of passageways within the temporal bone that contains the inner ear

110
Q

canal of schlemm

A

vessel that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye and delivers it to surrounding blood vessels

111
Q

chemoreceptors

A

receptors that react to various chemicals, including odors, tastes, and the concentration of various chemicals in the body

112
Q

choroid

A

highly vascular layer of tissue in the eye that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the sclera and retina

113
Q

ciliary body

A

thickened extension of the choroid that secretes aqueous humor

114
Q

cochlea

A

snail-like structure in inner ear that contains the structures for hearing

115
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors in the retina responsible for color vision

116
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of the eyeball

117
Q

cornea

A

transparent extension of sclera that sits over the iris and admits light into the eyed

118
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to judge the distance of objects and the spatial relationship of objects at different distances

119
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision

120
Q

endolymph

A

fluid occupying the inside of the membranous labyrinth

121
Q

equilibrium

A

state of physical balance

122
Q

eustachian tube

A

passageway from middle ear to nasopharynx

123
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

opening of the auditory canal to the outside of the body

124
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

the passageway that carries tears into nasal cavity

125
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors that respond to tissue damage from trauma

126
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

127
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

pair of structures residing underneath the brain’s frontal lobe

128
Q

pupillary constrictor

A

muscle encircling the pupil that works to narrow the pupil

129
Q

pupillary dilator

A

muscle within the iris that works to widen the pupil

130
Q

receptors

A

structures specialized at detecting a stimulusre

131
Q

referred pain

A

pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source; pain originating in a deep organ that is sensed as if it’s originating from the body’s surface

132
Q

fast pain fibers

A

produce sharp, localized pain

133
Q

optic chaism

A

point in the brain where half the optic nerve fibers cross to the opposite side of the brain

134
Q

optic disc

A

spot where nerve fibers leave the retina, converging to become the optic nerve

135
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve exiting from the posterior portion of the eyeball; transmits signals to the brain

136
Q

organ of corti

A

hearing sense organ

137
Q

oval window

A

opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear

138
Q

palpebral fissure

A

the opening between the eyelids

139
Q

papillae

A

protrusions on the tongue on which taste buds are located

140
Q

perilymph

A

fluid that cushions the space between the bony and membranous labyrinth

141
Q
A

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