chapter 11: muscular system Flashcards

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1
Q

explain the origin and insertion

A

In the limbs, the origin of a muscle is usually proximal and the insertion
is usually distal.
**Ordinarily, the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone is called the origin.
**the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone is called the insertion.
**

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2
Q

Where is the belly of the muscle that extends the forearm located?

A

** The belly is fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons.
**TRICEPS

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3
Q

Lever system and Leverage

A

In producing movements, bones are levers, joints are fulcrums.
** levers moves along a fixed position.

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4
Q

What is mechanical advantage

A

If the load is closer to the fulcrum and the eff ort farther from the fulcrum, then only a relatively small eff ort is required to move a large load over a small distance. chewing using back teeth.

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5
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A

load is farther from the fulcrum and the eff ort is
applied closer to the fulcrum, then a relatively large eff ort is required to move a small load (but at greater speed. eg chewing using front teeth

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6
Q

categories of levers

A

**first class EFL examples see saws, scissors. Raising head up to look t the sky.
** Second class ELF examples
** Third class FEL

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7
Q

(QR)List the types of muscle organs by arrangement of fascicles

A

-Fascicular arrangement affects a muscle’s power and ROM.
*Parallel (flat tendons)
** fusiform (spindle-shaped; muscle tapers towards flat tendons);
** circular (sphincters);
** triangular (broad area, thick central tendon – pec major)
**Pennate (=feather-shaped; short fascicles with tendon extending along length of muscle):
Unipennate (fascicles on one side); bipennate (fascicles on both sides); multipennate (several tendons, fascicles attach obliquely – deltoid

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8
Q

How does fascicle arrangement influence muscle function? Give examples.

A

Greater cross-sectional area -> more contractile force (eg pennate muscles)
Longer fibres -> more range of motion (eg parallel muscles).

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9
Q

prime mover(agonist)

A

prime mover (also known as an agonist) refers to the muscle or group of muscles primarily responsible for generating a specific movement. It contracts to cause an action. Example Biceps

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10
Q

Antagonist

A

the antagonist stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover by stretching. Triceps

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11
Q

NOTE

A

With an opposing pair of muscles, the roles of the prime mover and antagonist can switch for different movements. When lowering a road, triceps contacts and becomes the agonist/prime mover while the biceps stretches and becomes the antagonist. If both contract at the same time with equal force there will be no movement.

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12
Q

What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints called?

A

senergist

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13
Q

Whats a fixator

A

fixators, stabilizing the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently eg scapula. The stabilize at proximal end while movement happen at the distal end.

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14
Q

What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called

A

compartment

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15
Q

Checkpoint

1.Using the terms origin, insertion, and belly, describe how skeletal muscles produce body movements by pulling on bones.
2.List the three types of levers, and give an example of a first-, second-, and third-class lever found in the body.
3.Define the roles of the prime mover (agonist), antagonist, synergist, and fixator in producing various movements of the free upper limb.
What is a muscle compartment?

A
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16
Q

Explain the facial movements made by Occipitalfrontalis- frontal belly

A

Draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally as in look of surprise.

17
Q

Occipitalfrontalis- Occipital belly moves which skin

A

Draws scalp posteriorly.

18
Q

MOUTH MUSCLES movements:
Orbicularis oris ,moves

A

Closes and protrudes lips, as in kissing; compresses lips against teeth; and shapes lips during speech

19
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

Draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling.

20
Q

Buccinator moves

A

whistling, blowing, and sucking, chewing,

21
Q

ORBIT AND EYEBROW MUSCLES
Orbicularis oculi

A

closes eyes.

22
Q

Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist in Mastication and Speech:

A

** They move the mandible (lower jawbone) at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
** masseter:origin- maxilla and zygomatic arc.
Insertion- angle and ramus of mandible.
-Elevates mandible, as in closing mouth.
**temporalis: Origin- Temporal bone
Insertion- Coronoid process and ramus of mandible.
-Elevates and retracts mandible.

23
Q

Origin an insertion of the masseter

A

Origin = maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible

24
Q

Muscles of the Neck That Move the Head:

-Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin- Sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle.
Insertion- Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
-

25
Q
A

REIT
Rectus abdominis-
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis

26
Q

Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing:

A

DEI
Diaphragm
External intercoastal
Internal intercoastal

27
Q

Muscles of the Thorax That Move the Pectoral Girdle:

A

Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major

28
Q

What is the origin of the deltoid ?

A

acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

29
Q

What 4 muscles make up the Quads

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis

30
Q
A
31
Q
A