Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation
The urge to move towards one’s goals
Needs
States of cellular or bodily deficiency that compel drives. These are what your body seeks like food, water, and oxygen
Drives
Perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need. These deficiencies create a drive (thirst or hunger) to fix the state.
Incentive
An external object or event that motivates behavior such as money or winning a championship
So needs come from the body, incentive come from the environment
Examples of needs and drives?
Needs: Nutrients Drives: Hungry Needs: Water Drives: Thirsty Needs: Oxygen Drives: Suffocated Needs: Social Contact Drives: Lonely Needs: Pleasure Drives: Sex
Homeostasis
organisms work to maintain a Physiological balance around an optimal set point
set point
ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system
For example like a thermostat in a room to make the temperature hot or colder to get it to room temperature, our bodies work the same way to get it to 98 degrees
Yekes-Dodson law
The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance
performance is worst when we are not very aroused (Asleep) or overly aroused (anxious)
Self-actualization
The inherent drive to realize one’s full potential
its one the top of the pyramid
What is the order from top to bottom of Hierarchy’s pyramid model?
Self-actualization Esteem needs Love and belonginess needs Safety and security needs Physiological needs
Metabolism
The rate at which we consume energy
What are the four biological components of hunger
Stomach, blood, brain, and hormones&neurochemicals
What is growling
Gastric secretions when we see food
What are stomach contractions?
Occur two hours after stomach and intestines have been relatively empty
Why does the stomach not necessarily cause hunger alone?
Some regions of the brain like the hypothalamus causes hunger psychologically. you could have ur stomach removed and still get hungry
glucose
simple sugar in the blood that provides energy for cells throughout the body
hypothalamus
triggers drive to eat when sugar levels drop
regulates psychological needs of hunger. acts as sensory detector, when body sends signals to hypo for nutrients need, hyp then signals to other parts of brain whether to start or stop eating
What four hormones simulate appetite?
Neuropeptide Y - released by hypo when animal is underfed or hungry
Ghrelin - sends signals to the brain for hunger, levels drop after eating
Orexin and Melanin - They are endocannabinoids. Natural chemicals that cause hunger. Sometimes blocked to help weight loss
What four hormones suppress appetite?
Insulin - Produced by pancreas, transports glucose, high sugar stimulates it
Leptin, Peptitde YY, and Chloecystokinin
Why do we eat WHAT we eat?
Influenced by external factors like culture, what you’re exposed to, even climate has an impact. People who live in Cold climates : eat raw animal fat. warm climates: spices
What is the motivation to be thin?
Food is abundant, always will be there. People live sedentary lifestyle compared to old days. Thin is more attractive, 70% girls between 14 and 21 say they’re on a diet. Obsession with thinness leads to eating disorders
Why could some people be obese?
It is 70% genetic. Adopted children lead towards natural parents body state than legal parents. Genes also control the number of fat cells a person has. Every year 10% of fat cells die, then 10% of fat cells are replaced
A gene that suppresses appetite, leptin, isn’t working properly
What is the evolutionary model?
purpose of organism is to survive and reproduce.
thru natural selection we want to survive.
three primary motivators are pleasure, pain, and reduction
Sexual response and its four phases?
Actions that produce arousal and increase chance of orgasm Four phases: Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution (EPOR)
Biology of sexual behavior?
Hypothalamus, testosterone in both genders
3 socities of sexual attitudes
restrictive (marriage)
semirestrictive (formally against pre and extra marital sex but not forcefully forced)
permissive (few restrictions)
Achievement motivation
Desire to do things well and overcome obstacles
motivation to achieve success function of 3 things
motivation to succeed, expectations of success, and incentive value of the succes
What is extrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic - motivation that comes from outside a person and involves rewards/praise
if reward is removed, motivation could be gone
if it stays the same, motivation could drop
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that comes from within a person
involves challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy/self-determination
What is perceived organizational support?
employees beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being
if it happens it helps motivate the employee a lot. give them more happiness, less stressed, fewer missed days, fewer long breaks
emotions
brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a meaningful situation in the persons environment
moods
transient changes in affect that fluctuate throughout the day or several days
affective traits
enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of particular emotional states
basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
self-conscious emotions
emotions that occur as a function of how well we live up to your expectations, expectations of others, or the rules set by society
shame, guilt, humiliation, embarrassment, pride
How can emotions be organized responses?
When danger approaches the heart pumps blood, respitory gets more oxygen, brain tries to figure things out.
Broaden-and-build model
Positive emotions widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills
What are the four stages of emotional process?
Antecedent event, appraisal, emotional response, and changes in physiology
Antecedent event
A situation that may lead to emotional response
Appraisal
Evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to ones own welfare. Determines whether or not a situation leads to an emotion
It may happen on an automatic, unconscious level
What is emotional regulation?
Cognitive and behavioral efforts people use to modify their emotions
What are the two emotional regulation strategies?
Reappraisal - one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results
expressive suppression - involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion
emotional response
emerged from events appraised as relevant to ones safety or goals.
they are the physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated
What are some physiological changes when emotions happen?
Increases in heart rate and the rate of respiration
What are some changes in behavioral-expressive changes?
Facial expression, face, and voice change
How do psychologists use FACS - Facial Action Coding System?
To see changes in behavioral-expressive way. It observes all muscle movements that are possible in human face. All facial expressions such as sadness disgust fear surprise, are all shown when people experience emotions
What is Duchenne smile?
A true, genuine smile that uses the face muscles to move lip corners diagonally and the muscles that encircle the eye
What are the two opinions regarding emotion expression (culture vs universal)
Culturally relative - expressions vary across cultures and could only be understood in their cultural context
Universal - expressions common to all human beings and can be seen in all cultures worldwide
Sujective experience of emotion
Changes in the quality of our conscious experience that happen during emotional responses
(for ex anger feels different from sadness)
James-Lange theory of emotion, which is thought to produce subjective emotions
the idea that it is perception of psychological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience
people from different countries may not accurately know emotions being experienced
What role do parts of the brain play in emotions?
Amygdala - plays role of appraisal, notices fear relevant info
prefrontal cortex - involved in determing options for response or reappraisal
Neurocultural theory of emotion
Some facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion are universal and others are culturally derived
Display rules
Learned norms or rules about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them
Sexes differ most in emotions
Women tend to talk about emotions more than men do
Description of their emotional experiences
Frequency of smiling
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathetic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others
(PATHS curriculum, socioemotional learning)
Life satisfcation
Overall evaluation we make of our lives
Subjective well-being
state that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and positive and negative affect
Whats the key to happy in life: finding meaning or income
Meaning, income not directly related to subjective well being
