chapter 11 - how cells reproduce (lecture x)

Question 1

why do cells reproduce?

Answer 1

healing, growth, replacement, reproduction

Question 2

explain HeLa cells

Answer 2

a woman named henrietta lax had cervical cancer, and scientists used her cells for cancer research and didn’t give her medical attention. the cells would be used across labs for the next 50 years

Question 3

eukaryotes reproduce through…

Answer 3

mitosis and meiosis

Question 4

prokaryotes reproduce through…

Answer 4

binary fission

Question 5

what organisms can reproduce asexually?

Answer 5

some protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Question 6

g1 phase

Answer 6

first part of interphase (growth)
- growth period right after cell division
- the time the cell works to achieve a mature size
- production of lipids, carbs, and proteins

Question 7

s phase

Answer 7

second part of interphase (synthesis)
- part where dna is replicated
- duplicated chromosomes form
- dna-associated proteins are duplicated (histones, ligase, topoisomerase, dna ligase, polymerase)

Question 8

g2 phase

Answer 8

third part of interphase (growth)
- the interval period after dna replicates in synthesis
- the time when the cell prepares to divide
- proteins that will drive mitosis are made (like tubulin)

Question 9

mitosis

Answer 9

the period of nuclear division; usually followed by cytoplasmic division

Question 10

most of a cell’s life is spent in _______

Answer 10

interphase (specifically g1)

Question 11

spindle apparatus

Answer 11

two distinct sets of microtubules that extend from each pole of a cell; move the chromosomes during mitosis

Question 12

centrioles

Answer 12

provide an anchor for spindle fibers during cell division

Question 13

kinetochore

Answer 13

a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division; the site at which microtubules of the spindle fibers attach

Question 14

the four phases of mitosis are…

Answer 14

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 15

what cells get “stuck” in g1 of interphase?

Answer 15

neurons in the human brain, arrested cells, and something like a nutrient-deprived amoeba

Question 16

tubulin

Answer 16

a protein that makes up microtubules

Question 17

once the synthesis phase begins…

Answer 17

the cycle cannot be stopped and the cell automatically runs through g2 and mitosis

Question 18

cancer

Answer 18

a loss of control over the cell division cycle, cells multiply at an alarming rate

Question 19

nuclear envelope/membrane

Answer 19

a regulated, porous barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

Question 20

chromatin

Answer 20

loosely coiled dna, present during interphase