Chapter 1.1 - History of HealthCare Flashcards
What is the time period of ‘Ancient Times’?
4,000 - 300 B.C.
What did most people believe ilness and disease were caused by in Ancient Times?
By evil spirits and demons.
What is Trepanation?
Boring a hole in the skull to treat insanity, epilepsy, and headaches.
What did religions teach that caused illness and disease?
Religions taught that punishment from the gods brought disease and illness.
Ancient Egyptians were the first to?
The first people to record health records?
What did the Chinese believe about treating the human body?
They believed they could treat the body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
What was the time period of ‘Ancient Greek’?
1200 - 200 B.C.
What would they call Hippocrates?
The Father of Medicine
What are five things Hippocrates did?
1) First to establish that disease was not caused by supernatural forces.
2) First to emphasize proper diet and hygiene to help prevent disease.
3) Developed an organized way to observe the human body.
4) Took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases.
5) Wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics.
What are two things Aristotle did?
1) Dissected animals to understand basic anatomy.
2) Founder of comparative anatomy.
What are three things Asclepius did?
1) Greek god of medicine
2) Staff and serpent symbol of medicine.
3) Temples built in his honor became the first true clinics and hospitals.
What is the time period of ‘Ancient Roman’?
750 - 400 B.C.
What did the Ancient Romans develop first?
They developed the earliest hospitals in homes and monasteries.
Did the Ancient Roman first develop public health and sanitation systems?
Yes
What are three things that support the Ancient Romans developed public heath and sanitation systems?
1) Implemented the use of sewers for waste.
2) Created aqueducts (waterways) to bring clean water to cities.
3) Filtered water in public bath houses.
What was the time period of ‘The Dark Ages’?
400 - 800 AD
During the Dark Ages was the study of medicine prohibited?
Yes
What did prayer and intervention do during the Dark Ages?
Would treat illness and disease.
When did the Bubonic Plague happen?
In the 1300s
Did the Bubonic Plague cause death?
Yes, it resulted in the death of 75% of the people in Europe and Asia.
What was the average lifespan of people during the Dark Ages?
20 - 35 years
What was the time period of ‘The Middle Ages’?
800 - 1400 AD
What kind of renewed interest was going on in the Middle Ages?
There was a renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks and Romans.
When were medical universities established?
In the 9th Century.
What are four things about Abu Bakr Al-Razi (Rhazes)?
- Persian Physician
- Based diagnosis on patient signs and symptoms
- Suggested blood could cause infectious diseases
- 1st to distinguish smallpox from measles
What was the time period of ‘The Renaissance’?
1350 - 1650 AD
What was the Renaissance known as?
“Rebirth of the science of medicine”
What was done during the Renaissance to understand anatomy and physiology?
Human dissections were done.
What did Michelangelo and Da Vinci do?
They used dissection to draw the human body realistically.
What textbook got published during the Renasisance to spread medical knowledge?
Printing Press Invented
During the 17th Century, what did Anton Von Leeuwenhoek invent?
He invented the 1st light microscope.
What did they call Anton Von Leeuwenhoek?
Father of Microbiology
Did Anton Von Leeuwenhoek discover the basis of cellular and microbiology?
Yes
What are Apothecaries?
Early pharmacists
What did the Apothecaries do?
They made, prescribed, and sold medications.
During what century was the smallpox vaccine discovered?
The 18th Century.
What was the average lifespan of people through the 16th - 18th century?
40 - 50 years
When was the Industrial Revolution?
19th century
What was the Industrial Revolution?
Development of machines that brought major progress to medical science.
During what century was the first telescope invented?
The 19th century.
Who was Florence Nightingale?
She was the founder of Modern Nursing.
What are two things that Florence Nightingale did?
1) Established sanitary nursing care units for injured soldiers (crimean war).
2) Helped establish formal training for nurses.
Who was Dorthea Dix?
She helped establish the first American mental asylums to treat severe mental illness.
When was the American Red Cross founded and by who?
American Red Cross was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton.
What did the American Red Cross consist of?
First aid, water saftey, and public health programs.
Who was Joseph Lister?
He 1st used disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection.
What are three things Louis Pasteur did?
1) Proved microorganisms cause disease.
2) Pasteuried milk to kill bacteria.
3) Created rabies vaccine.
During what time was the most rapid growth in health care?
The 20th century.
What was developed in the 20th century to prevent disease?
X-rays, medicines, and vaccines.
What did Sigmund Freud do?
His studies formed the basis of psychology and psychiatry.
What did Marie Curie do?
In 1910, she isolated radium.
What did Marie Curie discover about Isolated Radium?
She discovered that isotopes are safer and more effective than surgery or chemicals for treating cancers and other diseases.
What are Francis Crick and James Watson famous for?
In the 1950s, they described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information.
Who initiated research in gene therapy ongoing today?
Francis Crick and James Watson.
What is Health Insurance?
Plans and social reforms created to help pay for the costs of healthcare.
* Medicare
* Medicaid
* HMO’s
When was the first open heart surgery?
In the 1950’s.
When were the first liver and lung transplants?
In the 1960’s.
In the 1980’s, genetic engineering helped created vaccines for?
- Hepatitis
- Herpes Simplex
- Chicken Pox
What is HIPAA for?
To protect patient privacy.
What was the Human Genome project?
In 2003, they mapped the entire sequence of letters of human DNA.
What is done in Adult and Embryonic stem cell research?
Treatment of failed organs, research genetic defects, study cancer, and test new medications.
When was the first face transplant?
In 2005.
What’s the process that builds up into a Pandemic?
Viruses can cause epidemics (rapidly spreading disease) which can lead to a pandemic (spread world-wide)
* Covid/Monkeypox
What’s the ReWalk Device?
An assistive exoskeleton device.
What is the ReWalk Device?
In 2011, this device enabled patients with spinal cord injuries to stand, walk, and climb stairs.
What is the Fit Bit?
In 2012, a watch that allows people to monitor their own vitals to detect changes in real time.
What is the World Health Organization?
An organization that monitors health problems to prevent world wide epidemics.
