Chapter 11 - Genetics Flashcards
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity
Fertilization
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
Trait
Specific characteristic of an individual
Hybrid
Offspring of crosses between parents with different ttraits
Genes
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring
Alleles
One of a number of different forms of a gene
Princple of Dominance
Mendel’s second conclusion, which states that some alleles are odminant and others are recessive
Segregation
Separation of alleles during gamete formation
Gametes
sex cells
Probability
Likelihood that a particular event will occur
Homozygous
having two identical alleles for a particular gene
Heterozygous
having two different alleles for a particular gene
Punnett Square
diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross
Phenotype
Physical characteristics of an organism
Genotype
Genetic make-up of an organism
Independent Assortment
One of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
Incomplete Dominance
one is not dominant over the other
Codominance
both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype
Multiple Allele
3+ alleles for the same gene
Polygenic Traits
trait controlled by 2+ genes
Homologous
term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
Diploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid
term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
Meiosis
process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
