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Biology I > Chapter 11 - Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How are physical traits inherited?

A

Physical traits are inherited as chromosomes.

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1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

(1822-1884). Responsible for the laws governing inheritance of traits. The “father of genetics” studied inheritance in 28,000 pea plants.

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2
Q

What is a trait?

A

A trait is a specific characteristic inherited from parent.

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3
Q

What is heredity?

A

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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4
Q

What is genetics?

A

Genetics is the study of heredity.

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5
Q

what is an allele?

A

an allele is the form of a gene. there is two.
Dominant alleles are alleles that only one of them are enough to exhibit the trait.
Recessive alleles are alleles that need to be present 100% to exhibit the trait.

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6
Q

Peas

A
  • self pollinate.
  • can be artificially cross pollinated (what Mendel did).
  • produce lots of offspring.
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7
Q

Types of fertilization

A

Self Fertilization can occur in the same flower.

Cross Fertilization can occur between flowers.

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8
Q

The larger the sample…

A

the more nearly the results approximate to the ratio.

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9
Q

Theoretical Ratio

A

expected ratio of an offspring exhibiting the traits. E.X.: 3:1

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10
Q

Generations

A

Parental (P1) Generation: parental (first) generation in a breeding experiment.
F1 Generation: offspring of the parental generation.
F2 Generation: offspring of the F1 generation.

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11
Q

The cross of two pure (homozygous) organisms results in…

A

All hybrids (heterozygous).

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12
Q

The cross of two hybrids results in…

A

One homozygous dominant, one homozygous recessive and two heterozygous. (pheno. ratio 3:1).

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13
Q

if one dominant allele is present…

A

exhibit the dominant trait.

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14
Q

Law of Dominance

A

If a dominant allele is present, it will exhibit the dominant trait.

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15
Q

Law of Segregation

A

During the formation of gametes, the alleles separate from each other.

16
Q

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called…

A

hybrids

17
Q

Different forms of a gene are called

A

Alleles

18
Q

The joining of male and female reproductive cells during sexual reproduction is known as…

A

fertilization.

19
Q

A specific physical characteristic, such as seed color or plant height, of an individual is called a(n)…

A

trait.

20
Q

The process in which alleles separate from each other during meiosis so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene is called…

A

segregation.

21
Q

a monohybrid cross is…

A

a cross involving a single trait.

22
Q

a dihybrid cross is…

A

a cross involving two traits.

23
Q

a punnett square is used to…

A

to help solve genetics problems.

24
Q

the genotype is…

A

the genetic makeup.

25
Q

the phenotype is…

A

the physical trait that depends on the genotype.

26
Q

a homozygous genotype is…

A

a genotype composed by both dominant or both recessive alleles.

27
Q

a heterozygous genotype is…

A

a genotype composed by one dominant and one recessive allele. Also called hybrid.

28
Q

the test cross is…

A

the crossing of a pure (can be dominant or recessive) and a hybrid. it results in a 1:1 phenotypic ratio.

29
Q

What are is the phenotype based on?

A

The Genotype.

30
Q

each trait is based on…

A

two genes, one from the mother and one from the father.

31
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells independently of one another.

32
Q

dihybrid cross

A

the tracking of the inheritance of two traits.

33
Q

formula for the dihybrid cross

A

2^n where n is the # of heterozygotes.

34
Q

what would be the offspring of this cross?

TT x tt
Tall x Short

A

All of them would be hybrid

35
Q

what would be the offspring of the following cross?

Tt x Tt
Tall x Tall

A

75% tall (TT and Tt) and 25% short (tt).

36
Q

what is incomplete dominance?

A

There is no dominant allele, so they both combine and exhibit a mixed trait. (Red + White = Pink).

37
Q

what is codominance?

A

Both traits are exhibited at the same time. (Example: blood type. there is 4 types (A, B, AB and O) and there are 3 alleles (IA, IB and i). IA and IB are both dominant at the same time).

Biology I (2 decks)

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