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College Biology > Chapter 11- Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Descent of modern organisms with modifications from predicting life- forms; one generation to the next

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2
Q

Buffon

A

Animal evolution

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3
Q

Hutton

A

Gradual Geological Change

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4
Q

Lamarck

A

Mechanism of species change

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5
Q

Curier and Smith

A

Catastrophes and sequence of fossils

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6
Q

Lyell

A

The greater age of earth gave more time for gradual change in species

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7
Q

Darwin

A

Evolution and natural selection

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8
Q

Wallace

A

Evolution and natural selection

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9
Q

Mechanism of evolution

A

Darwin and Wallace record data about animals and plants in the tropics and wrote about evolutionary thought

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

Greater relative survival and reproduction with favourable heritable traits resulting in evolutionary change

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11
Q

3 principles of natural selection

A

Characteristics passed from parent to offspring

More offspring are produced than able to survive

Competition for resources affect survival of offspring

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12
Q

Variation

A

Differences of individuals.

Sexual selection and mutation

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13
Q

Adaptation

A

Aids survival and reproduction of in the present environment or “match”

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14
Q

Divergent evolution

A

2 species evolve in different directions from a common point or species

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15
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Similar structures arise through evolution independently in different species; similar in function, not structure

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16
Q

Modern Synthesis

A

Combining knowledge of genetics and evolutionary thought

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17
Q

MICROevolution

A

Gradual changes of population over time

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18
Q

MACROevolution

A

Gives rise to a new species and higher taxonomic groups; widely diverged

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19
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A

Fossils

Anatomy- homo/ analogous

Embryological similarity

Modern biochemical and genetic analyses

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20
Q

Homologous Structures (ancestry)

A

Differ in function but has similar anatomy, descended from common ancestors

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21
Q

Vestigial Structures (ancestry)

A

No apparent purpose; homologous to functional structures and is evidence for evolution

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22
Q

Analogous Structures (convergent evolution)

A

Similar functions, superficial similar appearance but very different anatomies (similar because of similar environmental pressures)

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23
Q

Embryological similarity (ancestry)

A

1800s Karl Von Baer similarities of vertebrae in the embryo

24
Q

Biochemical and genetic analyses

A

Molecular similarities of diverse organisms; determined by nucleotide sequencing

25
Q

Nucleotide

A

Phosphate bonded to a sugar, bonded to a nitrogenous base (ATCG)

26
Q

Molecular similarity

A

DNA=RNA= Amino Acids= proteins

Can work backwards from protein to determine original DNA sequencing

27
Q

Universal biochemical processes

A

RNA- almost same code to translate genetic info into proteins

Same set of 20 amino acids to build proteins

ATP as cellular energy carrier

28
Q

Alleles

A

One of several alternative forms of a particular gene

29
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic composition of an organism

30
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics of an organism

31
Q

Gene pool

A

Total of all alleles of all genes; total of all alleles that the gene occurs in

32
Q

Allele Frequency

A

Any given gene, relative proportion of each allele of that gene

33
Q

HW equilibrium principle (4factors)

A
  1. No mutation
  2. Not genetic drift
  3. No gene flow
  4. Must be natural selection
34
Q

Causes of gene flow

A

(Mike Gives Gum Never)

Mutations

Gene flow

Genetic drift

Non-random mating

35
Q

Mutation

A

Change in base sequence of DNA; alters appearance or function (greater genetic diversity)

36
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of alleles; migration of individuals

37
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in allele frequency of a small population purely by chance

38
Q

Bottleneck and founder effect

A

2 types of genetic drift

39
Q

Nonrandom mating

A

Organisms seldom strictly mate randomly

Inbreeding- stay in place of birth due to lack of mobility

Assortative mating- mate only with others of their species, looking like themselves

40
Q

Beneficial/ nonbeneficial genotypes

A

Most populations are not equilibrium so it can pass harmful mutations, detrimental over the long run like inheriting recessive genes or abnormalities for certain diseases

41
Q

3 principles of Natural Selection

A

Unequal reproduction

Acts on phenotypes (adaptation)

Acts of selection
Competition
Predator/ prey relationships
Sexual selection (nonrandom mating)

42
Q

Competition

A

Interactions with individuals who attempt to utilise a resource limited relative to the demand for it

Certain genetic traits being selected for
Ex body/ antler size ; tusk/ beak length

43
Q

Predator/ prey relationships

A

2 species interact and each exerts strong selection of the other. One evolves a new feature or modifies and old one, other gets new adaptations in response COEVOLUTION

44
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Cause of evolution
Choice of mates by one sex is selective agent

Darwin- sexual contests among males or female preference for male phenotype

45
Q

3 ways of Selection

A

Directional

Stabilising

Disruptive

46
Q

Directional selection

A

Extreme value of a trait and selects against both average individuals at the opposite extreme (slope)

47
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Average value of a trait and selects against individuals with extreme values (bell curve)

48
Q

Disruptive selection

A

At both extremes of a trait (half and half)

49
Q

Systematics

A

Reconstructing phylogenies with naming and classifying species

50
Q

3 main domains

A

(Erin Ate Eggplant)

Eukarya: animals, plants, fungi, protist

Archaea: prokaryotes distantly related to eubacteria (domain, Genus, species)

51
Q

Lineman taxonomy

A

Carl Von Linne; basic foundation for our modern classification system

Domain= Kingdom= Phylum= class= order= family= genus= species

52
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

Diagram that shows evolutionary pathways and relationships

53
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Clues of common ancestors (wings, fins, arms)

54
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Similar appearance, different in function

55
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a group of species

56
Q

Why classifications change over time

A

New information is discovered

Difficulty applying definitions to organisms

College Biology (1 decks)

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