Chapter 11 Cell Division

Question 1

Cell division

Answer 1

The process by which cells make more cells

Question 2

Asexual reproduction

Answer 2

The type of reproduction that occurs when offspring receive genetic material from a single parent

Question 3

Sexual reproduction

Answer 3

Results in offspring that receive genetic material from two parents

Question 4

Gametes

Answer 4

Egg and sperm cell

Question 5

Binary fission

Answer 5

How prokaryotes divide

Question 6

Mitosis

Answer 6

When eukaryotes divide, they first divide the nucleus by mitosis

Question 7

Cytokinesis

Answer 7

In eukaryotes, a process in which the the cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells

Question 8

Cell cycle

Answer 8

Cell division in eukaryotes proceeds through a number of steps that make up the cell cycle. Cell cycle consists of m phase and interphase.

Question 9

M phase

Answer 9

Mitosis or the separation of the chromosomes into 2 nuclei and cytokinesis or the division of the cell itself into two separate cells. M phase lasts about 1 hour

Question 10

Interphase

Answer 10

Second stage of cell division. The cell makes preparations for division including replication of DNA, increase in cell size

Question 11

S phase

Answer 11

Replication of the entire DNA content of the nucleus. S phase = synthesis

Question 12

G1 phase

Answer 12

Between the end of M phase and the start of s phase

Question 13

G2 phase

Answer 13

Between the end of s phase and the start of M phase

Question 14

G0 phase

Answer 14

Many cells pause in the cell cycle somewhere between m phase and s phase for periods ranging from days to more than a year. Distinguished from G1 phase because there is not preparation for DNA synthesis

Question 15

Karyotype

Answer 15

The portrait formed by the number and shapes of chromosomes representative of a species. In humans, 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs

Question 16

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 16

22 pairs of chromosomes, numbered 1 thru 22 from longest to shortest

Question 17

Sex chromosomes

Answer 17

1 pair, two chromosomes are X and Y

Question 18

Ploidy

Answer 18

Number is complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

Question 19

Haploid

Answer 19

A cell with one complete set of chromosomes

Question 20

Diploid

Answer 20

Cell with two complete set of chromosomes

Question 21

Sister chromatids

Answer 21

DNA in each chromosome duplicates, two identical copies, do not separate

Question 22

Centromere

Answer 22

Hold sister chromatids together at a construction site

Question 23

Prophase

Answer 23

Chromosomes condense and become visible, 1st stage of mitosis

Question 24

Mitotic spindle

Answer 24

Outside nucleus in the cytosol, a structure made up of microtubules that pull chromosomes into separate daughter cells

Question 25

Centromere

Answer 25

Compact structure that is the microtubule organizing center for animal cells. Structure from which the spindles radiate

Question 26

Prometaphase

Answer 26

The nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules of mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes.

Question 27

Kinetochores

Answer 27

Protein complexes on each centromere and form site of attachment for single spindle microtubules

Question 28

Metaphase

Answer 28

Chromosomes align in the middle as a result of dynamic changes in the mitotic spindle

Question 29

Anaphase

Answer 29

Sister chromatids fully separate from each other. Spindle microtubules attached to kinetochores gradually shorten

Question 30

Telophase

Answer 30

Nuclear envelope re forms around newly segregated chromosomes

Question 31

Contractile ring

Answer 31

Ring of actin filaments forms against inner face of the cell

Question 32

Cyclins

Answer 32

Regulatory proteins that activate kinases

Question 33

Cyclin dependent kinases

Answer 33

Always present in the cell, only active when bound to appropriate cyclin.

Question 34

Check point

Answer 34

Mechanism that blocks cyclin CDK activity, pausing cell division until preparation complete or damage is repaired