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Biochemistry > Chapter 11: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Carbohydrates Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues primarily used for fuel and structural components for cells

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2
Q

Carbohydrates can also be located on ____

A

proteins

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3
Q

What kind of bonds do carbohydrates contain ?

A

Bonds between carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

How are carbohydrates named ?

A

Names end in -ose

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5
Q

What are the three classes of carbohydrates ?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • oligiosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest form of sugars

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7
Q

Oligiosaccharides

A

Have 2-1 0 sugars bound together

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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Large polymers or chains of sugars. Can be linear or branched

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9
Q

How many carbons can monosaccharides contain ?

A

3-7 carbons

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10
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides ?

A

1) Aldoses ( contains aldehyde )

2) Ketoses ( contains ketone)

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11
Q

How are monosaccharides named ?

A
  • by the number of carbons ( root end )
  • Aldose or ketose
    Ex) aldopentose
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12
Q

Aldoses have at least

A

3 carbons

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13
Q

Ketoses have at least

A

4 carbons

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14
Q

True or false, aldoses and ketoses contain no chiral centers

A

False

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15
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror image of original molecule

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16
Q

What are the two types on enantiomers found in organic compounds ?

A

L or D

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17
Q

Do L or D enantiomers specify the direction of rotated light

A

No they do not. The direction of rotated light is indicated by (+) or (-)

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18
Q

Diastereomers

A

Opposite configurations at one or more of the chiral centers of the original molecule

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19
Q

Epimers

A

diastereomers that differ at only one chiral center

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20
Q

Examples of monosaccarides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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21
Q

What is the relation between glucose, mannose and galactose ?

A

Diastereomers

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22
Q

Examples of aldose monosaccharide

A

glucose or galactose

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23
Q

Example of a ketose monosaccharide

A

fructose

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24
Q

What are the two ways that carbohydrates can be drawn

A

Linear structure or cyclic form

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25
How can hemiacetals or hemiketals be formed from linear form ?
Reactions from the C5 alcohol group
26
Anomeric carbon
The carbon that carries the carbonyl group
27
How are configuration of the anomeric carbon indicated
They are either indicated by α or β configuration.
28
What percentage of glucose molecules are in linear form ?
Less than 1 %
29
What percentage of glucose molecules are in α form ?
33 %
30
What percentage of glucose molecule are found in β form ?
66 %
31
What two locations can fructose form a ring ?
Either on C6 or C5
32
Haworth projection
Sugars drawn in ring structure projection
33
O-glycosidic bonds
Reaction between C1 carbon and O atom in an alcohol group . The bond is used to form long polymers of carbohydrates
34
N-glycosidic bonds
Reaction between C1 and the N of an amine
35
Where can N-glycosidic bonds be found ?
On cell surfaces
36
Why are phosphate groups often added to sugars ?
- it makes sugars anionic and prevent passive diffusion through the membrane - it makes sugars more reactive
37
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
38
Where does the O-glycosidic bond occur between two monosaccharides ?
Between C1 and on C6 or C4
39
Examples of dissacharides
Sucrose, Maltose, and lactose
40
Enzymes that digest disaccharides are usually found
In the cells of the small intestine
41
Sucrose is a disaccharide with bonds formed between
glucose and fructose
42
Maltose is a disaccharide with bonds formed between
Two glucose molecules
43
Lactose is a disaccharide with bonds formed between
Glucose and galactose
44
How are linkages in oligosaccharides indicated ?
Designated by the number of carbons linked
45
1-> 4 linkage
Linkage between the C1 of one monosaccharide nd the C4 of the other
46
1->6 linkage
Linkage between the C1 of one monosaccaride and the C6 of the other
47
Examples of polysaccharides
Starch or cellulose
48
What are the two forms of starch
α-amylose and amylopectin
49
What percentage of starch is α-amylose ?
10-30 %
50
What percentage of starch is amylopectin ?
70-90 %
51
What is the main storage molecule in animals ?
glycogen
52
Cellulose
A polysaccharide of glucose found in plants. It is linear , unbranched and gives plants structure
53
The chains in cellulose are
parallel which allows hydrogen bonds to form sheets resistant to hydrolysis
54
Why can't mammals digest cellulose?
They do not have the enzyme to break down the linkages
55
What are the 3 classes of carbohydrate proteins ?
glycoproteins , proteoglycans , mucins
56
Glycoproteins
- carbohydrate group attached to protein - mostly protein by weight - most are part of the cell membrane for recognition and signaling
57
Proteoglycans
- Proteins that are bonded to particular sugars called glycoaminoglycans - mostly carbohydrates by weight - work as structural components or lubricants
58
Mucins
- mucoproteins - mostly carbohydrate weight - function as lubricants
59
The O-linkages on glycoproteins are linked by glycosidic bonds to protein chains with either
serine or threonine
60
The N- linkages are linked through an amide bond to a nitrogen through an _____ residue
Asparagine
61
N- linked oligoosaccarides have a common core of two ________ and three ______
- 2 N- acetylglucosamine residues | - mannose residues
62
Glycosylation
a controlled enzymatic modification of an organic molecule, especially a protein , with a sugar molecule
63
EPO
Erythropoetin , a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
64
True or false, glycosylation decreases the stabiity of a protein
False, enhances
65
Recombinant EPO
Used to treat anemia , kidney disease, or chemotherapy
66
The properties of proteoglycans are determined by the
glycoaminoglycans
67
Examples of common glycoaminoglycans
- heparin sulfate - chondroitin sulfate - keratan sulfate - dermatan sulfate - hyaluronate
68
Glycoaminoglycans
complex polysaccarides containing repeating amino groups
69
Examples of proteoglycans
- cartilage
70
Role of mucins
- serve as a protective barrier | - cell adhesion
71
Human ABO blood groups are determined by
Glycosylation of surface proteins
72
Importance of glycosylation
- Helps to process and stabilize proteins
73
Lectin
Large class of glycan binding proteins that help with cell to cell contact. The proteins are found in every single organism
74
The C class of lectins require
Calcium
75
Selectins
Members of the Lectin C class that are involved in binding immune cells to sites of injury during inflammatory responses
76
Pathogens can gain entry into cells by
binding to lectins to carbohydrates
77
What is the difference between O and N inked glycosylation ?
O linked glycosylation are sugars that are attached to proteins through a hydroxyl group of serine or threonine . N linked glycosylation are attached to proteins via amine group of an asaparagine residue
78
Describe the structure of a glycoaminoglycan
A long stretch of sugars consisting of alternating hexose and hexosamine residues. They also have many negatively charged sulfate groups on them
79
Describe how aggrecan , glycoaminoglycans and hylauronic acid make up the structure of cartilage
Many long strands of glycoaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate are attatched to the aggregan moledcule. Then many aggrecan moleculles are attatched to strands of hylauronic acid
80
What are lectins ?
Molecules that bind carbohydrates on other cells involved with cell to cell interaction , immune responses and fertilization

Biochemistry (8 decks)

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