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Biochemistry > Chapter 11: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues primarily used for fuel and structural components for cells

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2
Q

Carbohydrates can also be located on ____

A

proteins

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3
Q

What kind of bonds do carbohydrates contain ?

A

Bonds between carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

How are carbohydrates named ?

A

Names end in -ose

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5
Q

What are the three classes of carbohydrates ?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • oligiosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest form of sugars

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7
Q

Oligiosaccharides

A

Have 2-1 0 sugars bound together

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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Large polymers or chains of sugars. Can be linear or branched

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9
Q

How many carbons can monosaccharides contain ?

A

3-7 carbons

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10
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides ?

A

1) Aldoses ( contains aldehyde )

2) Ketoses ( contains ketone)

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11
Q

How are monosaccharides named ?

A
  • by the number of carbons ( root end )
  • Aldose or ketose
    Ex) aldopentose
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12
Q

Aldoses have at least

A

3 carbons

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13
Q

Ketoses have at least

A

4 carbons

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14
Q

True or false, aldoses and ketoses contain no chiral centers

A

False

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15
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror image of original molecule

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16
Q

What are the two types on enantiomers found in organic compounds ?

A

L or D

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17
Q

Do L or D enantiomers specify the direction of rotated light

A

No they do not. The direction of rotated light is indicated by (+) or (-)

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18
Q

Diastereomers

A

Opposite configurations at one or more of the chiral centers of the original molecule

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19
Q

Epimers

A

diastereomers that differ at only one chiral center

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20
Q

Examples of monosaccarides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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21
Q

What is the relation between glucose, mannose and galactose ?

A

Diastereomers

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22
Q

Examples of aldose monosaccharide

A

glucose or galactose

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23
Q

Example of a ketose monosaccharide

A

fructose

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24
Q

What are the two ways that carbohydrates can be drawn

A

Linear structure or cyclic form

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25
Q

How can hemiacetals or hemiketals be formed from linear form ?

A

Reactions from the C5 alcohol group

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26
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

The carbon that carries the carbonyl group

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27
Q

How are configuration of the anomeric carbon indicated

A

They are either indicated by α or β configuration.

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28
Q

What percentage of glucose molecules are in linear form ?

A

Less than 1 %

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29
Q

What percentage of glucose molecules are in α form ?

A

33 %

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30
Q

What percentage of glucose molecule are found in β form ?

A

66 %

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31
Q

What two locations can fructose form a ring ?

A

Either on C6 or C5

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32
Q

Haworth projection

A

Sugars drawn in ring structure projection

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33
Q

O-glycosidic bonds

A

Reaction between C1 carbon and O atom in an alcohol group . The bond is used to form long polymers of carbohydrates

34
Q

N-glycosidic bonds

A

Reaction between C1 and the N of an amine

35
Q

Where can N-glycosidic bonds be found ?

A

On cell surfaces

36
Q

Why are phosphate groups often added to sugars ?

A
  • it makes sugars anionic and prevent passive diffusion through the membrane
  • it makes sugars more reactive
37
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond

38
Q

Where does the O-glycosidic bond occur between two monosaccharides ?

A

Between C1 and on C6 or C4

39
Q

Examples of dissacharides

A

Sucrose, Maltose, and lactose

40
Q

Enzymes that digest disaccharides are usually found

A

In the cells of the small intestine

41
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide with bonds formed between

A

glucose and fructose

42
Q

Maltose is a disaccharide with bonds formed between

A

Two glucose molecules

43
Q

Lactose is a disaccharide with bonds formed between

A

Glucose and galactose

44
Q

How are linkages in oligosaccharides indicated ?

A

Designated by the number of carbons linked

45
Q

1-> 4 linkage

A

Linkage between the C1 of one monosaccharide nd the C4 of the other

46
Q

1->6 linkage

A

Linkage between the C1 of one monosaccaride and the C6 of the other

47
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch or cellulose

48
Q

What are the two forms of starch

A

α-amylose and amylopectin

49
Q

What percentage of starch is α-amylose ?

A

10-30 %

50
Q

What percentage of starch is amylopectin ?

A

70-90 %

51
Q

What is the main storage molecule in animals ?

A

glycogen

52
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide of glucose found in plants. It is linear , unbranched and gives plants structure

53
Q

The chains in cellulose are

A

parallel which allows hydrogen bonds to form sheets resistant to hydrolysis

54
Q

Why can’t mammals digest cellulose?

A

They do not have the enzyme to break down the linkages

55
Q

What are the 3 classes of carbohydrate proteins ?

A

glycoproteins , proteoglycans , mucins

56
Q

Glycoproteins

A
  • carbohydrate group attached to protein
  • mostly protein by weight
  • most are part of the cell membrane for recognition and signaling
57
Q

Proteoglycans

A
  • Proteins that are bonded to particular sugars called glycoaminoglycans
  • mostly carbohydrates by weight
  • work as structural components or lubricants
58
Q

Mucins

A
  • mucoproteins
  • mostly carbohydrate weight
  • function as lubricants
59
Q

The O-linkages on glycoproteins are linked by glycosidic bonds to protein chains with either

A

serine or threonine

60
Q

The N- linkages are linked through an amide bond to a nitrogen through an _____ residue

A

Asparagine

61
Q

N- linked oligoosaccarides have a common core of two ________ and three ______

A
  • 2 N- acetylglucosamine residues

- mannose residues

62
Q

Glycosylation

A

a controlled enzymatic modification of an organic molecule, especially a protein , with a sugar molecule

63
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoetin , a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

64
Q

True or false, glycosylation decreases the stabiity of a protein

A

False, enhances

65
Q

Recombinant EPO

A

Used to treat anemia , kidney disease, or chemotherapy

66
Q

The properties of proteoglycans are determined by the

A

glycoaminoglycans

67
Q

Examples of common glycoaminoglycans

A
  • heparin sulfate
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • keratan sulfate
  • dermatan sulfate
  • hyaluronate
68
Q

Glycoaminoglycans

A

complex polysaccarides containing repeating amino groups

69
Q

Examples of proteoglycans

A
  • cartilage
70
Q

Role of mucins

A
  • serve as a protective barrier

- cell adhesion

71
Q

Human ABO blood groups are determined by

A

Glycosylation of surface proteins

72
Q

Importance of glycosylation

A
  • Helps to process and stabilize proteins
73
Q

Lectin

A

Large class of glycan binding proteins that help with cell to cell contact. The proteins are found in every single organism

74
Q

The C class of lectins require

A

Calcium

75
Q

Selectins

A

Members of the Lectin C class that are involved in binding immune cells to sites of injury during inflammatory responses

76
Q

Pathogens can gain entry into cells by

A

binding to lectins to carbohydrates

77
Q

What is the difference between O and N inked glycosylation ?

A

O linked glycosylation are sugars that are attached to proteins through a hydroxyl group of serine or threonine .
N linked glycosylation are attached to proteins via amine group of an asaparagine residue

78
Q

Describe the structure of a glycoaminoglycan

A

A long stretch of sugars consisting of alternating hexose and hexosamine residues. They also have many negatively charged sulfate groups on them

79
Q

Describe how aggrecan , glycoaminoglycans and hylauronic acid make up the structure of cartilage

A

Many long strands of glycoaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate are attatched to the aggregan moledcule. Then many aggrecan moleculles are attatched to strands of hylauronic acid

80
Q

What are lectins ?

A

Molecules that bind carbohydrates on other cells involved with cell to cell interaction , immune responses and fertilization

Biochemistry (8 decks)

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