Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Organic chemistry, Nomenclature of organic compounds, Representing the formulae of organic compounds, Isomerism, Introduction to reaction mechanisms.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds. Whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2– group
What is a functional group?
The part of the organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a straight chain, or branched chains, or non - aromatic chains.
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures.
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring.
What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes?
Alkanes - single carbon carbon bonds
Alkenes - one or more carbon carbon double bond
Alkynes - one or more carbon carbon triple bond
What are the names of the first ten alkanes?
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane and Decane.
What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?
C=C
-ene
What is the functional group and suffix for an alcohol?
- OH
- ol
What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?
-Cl / -Br / -I
Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-
What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?
- CHO
- al
What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?
- C(CO)C-
- one
What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?
- COOH
- oic acid
What is a general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.
What is displayed formula?
Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
(The one you draw out)
What is structural formula?
Shows which groups are bonded together.
(Written one) i.e. CH3CH2CH3
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
What is homolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one electron from the bonded pair to from 2 radicals
What is formed after homolytic fission?
Two atoms with an unpaired electron
Called radicals
What is heterolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the electron pair
What is formed from heterolytic fission?
A positive ion and a negative ion.
What are curly arrows used to show?
The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.
What is an addition reaction?
Two reactants join together to form one product.
What is a substitution reaction?
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.
What is an elimination reaction?
The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.
Where must a curly arrow start from?
it must start from a bond, a lone pair or a negative charge.
what is the trick to find the total number of isomers (up to 7 carbon atoms)
2^(n-4) + 1
What is a position isomer?
A structural isomer where, The differing position of the same function group in the molecule.
e.g. But-2-ene, its position isomer will be But-1-ene
What is a functional isomer?
A structural isomer where, Differing positions of atoms give a different functional group.
e.g. But-2-ene, its functional isomer will be cyclobutane.
What is a chain isomer?
A structural isomer where, Different arrangement of a molecule’s carbon skeleton.
e.g. Butane, its chain isomer will be 2-methyl propane.
What is a geometric isomer?
A stereo isomer where, Different substituents around a bond with restricted rotation.
e.g. (E)-1,2-dichloroethene, its geometric isomer is (Z)-1,2-dichloroethene.
What is a optical isomer?
- A stereo isomer,
- Non-superimposable MIRROR images of the same molecule.
- Is in 3D, so wedges included
- (Basically the atoms are arranged so that its a direct mirror to each other.)
e.g. L:(S)-1-Chloroethanol, its optical isomer is R:(R)-1-Chloroethanol
