Chapter 11: basic concepts of organic chemistry (11.2-11.5)

Question 1

3 ways to classify hydrocarbons

Answer 1

aliphatic - carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

alicyclic - carbon atoms joined together in a ring (cyclic) either with or without branches

aromatic - some or all of the atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 2

what are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons you need to be aware of

Answer 2

alkanes - saturated, CnH2n+2
alkenes - contain at least one C=C double bond, CnH2n
alkynes - contains at least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond

Question 3

naming cyclic alkanes

Answer 3

same rules as aliphatic alkanes, but use the prefix cyclo- to show it has a ring structure

Question 4

naming alkenes

Answer 4

general formula: CnH2n
functional group: C=C
suffix: -ene

Question 5

naming alchohols

Answer 5

general formula: CnH2n+1OH
functional group: -OH
prefix: hydroxy-
suffix: -ol

Question 6

naming aldehydes

Answer 6

functional group: -CHO

suffix: -al

Question 7

naming ketones

Answer 7

general formula: CnH2nO

functional group: -C(CO)C-

Question 8

how to indicate a side chain in molecular formula

Answer 8

using brackets

Question 9

naming carboxylic acids

Answer 9

general formula: CnH2nO2
functional group: -COOH
suffix: -oic acid

Question 10

naming haloanklanes

Answer 10

functional group: -Cl, -Br, -I

prefix: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

Question 11

how to read a skeletal formula

Answer 11

a line represents a single bond, double line represents a double bond e.c.t
where 2 lines meet indicates a carbon atom
end of a line represents a -CH3 functional group
when there are any functional groups other than CH3, they must be drawn onto the skeletal formula

Question 12

can isomers have different functional groups

Answer 12

yes

molecules can have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different functional groups

Question 13

how are covalent bonds broken

Answer 13

by bond fission

Question 14

what are the two types of bond fission

Answer 14

homolytic fission

heterolytic fission

Question 15

homolytic fission

Answer 15

When the bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes on of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
Each atom now has a single unbounded electron therefore 2 radicals are formed

Question 16

heterolytic fission

Answer 16

When the bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons from the bond.
Two ions are formed (the atom which took both electrons is negative and the other is positive)

Question 17

What do curly arrows show?

Answer 17

The movement of electron pairs

Question 18

what are the 3 types of reaction

Answer 18

addition: two reactants join together to form one product
substitution: an atom (or group of atoms) in a molecule is replaced by a different atom (or group of atoms)
Elimination: this involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one ie. 1 reactant gives 2 products

Question 19

naming esters

Answer 19

functional group: -COOC-

suffix: -oate