Chapter 11: basic concepts of organic chemistry (11.2-11.5) Flashcards
3 ways to classify hydrocarbons
aliphatic - carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
alicyclic - carbon atoms joined together in a ring (cyclic) either with or without branches
aromatic - some or all of the atoms are found in a benzene ring
what are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons you need to be aware of
alkanes - saturated, CnH2n+2
alkenes - contain at least one C=C double bond, CnH2n
alkynes - contains at least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond
naming hydrocarbons: stem
the stem indicated the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule
mother (meth-), eats (eth-), proper (prop-), butter (but-)
naming hydrocarbons: prefix
prefix comes before the stem to indicate the presence of side chains or a functional group
e.g. if something started with 2, methyl then there would be a CH3 side chain on the second carbon
naming hydrocarbons: suffix
suffix is added after the stem to indicate functional groups
e.g. alkanes -ane . alkenes -ene . alcohols (-OH) -anol .
naming cyclic alkanes
same rules as aliphatic alkanes, but use the prefix cyclo- to show it has a ring structure
naming alkenes
general formula: CnH2n
functional group: C=C
suffix: -ene
naming alchohols
general formula: CnH2n+1OH
functional group: -OH
prefix: hydroxy-
suffix: -ol
naming aldehydes
functional group: -CHO
suffix: -al
naming ketones
general formula: CnH2nO
functional group: -C(CO)C-
how to indicate a side chain in molecular formula
using brackets
naming carboxylic acids
general formula: CnH2nO2
functional group: -COOH
suffix: -oic acid
naming haloanklanes
functional group: -Cl, -Br, -I
prefix: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
naming amines
functional group: -NH2
prefix: amino-
suffix: -amine
naming nitriles
functional group: -CN
suffix: -nitrile
how to read a skeletal formula
a line represents a single bond, double line represents a double bond e.c.t
where 2 lines meet indicates a carbon atom
end of a line represents a -CH3 functional group
when there are any functional groups other than CH3, they must be drawn onto the skeletal formula
can isomers have different functional groups
yes
molecules can have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different functional groups
how are covalent bonds broken
by bond fission
what are the two types of bond fission
homolytic fission
heterolytic fission
homolytic fission
When the bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes on of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
Each atom now has a single unbounded electron therefore 2 radicals are formed
heterolytic fission
When the bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons from the bond.
Two ions are formed (the atom which took both electrons is negative and the other is positive)
what is a reaction mechanism
shows how the reaction took place
indicated with curly arrows. Curly arrows show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made
what are the 3 types of reaction
addition: two reactants join together to form one product
substitution: an atom (or group of atoms) in a molecule is replaced by a different atom (or group of atoms)
Elimination: this involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one ie. 1 reactant gives 2 products
effect of branching on boiling point
Branching decreases the boiling point. As the length of carbon chain decreases (due to branching), the surface area of the compound will also decrease. Van der Waals dispersion force is proportional to the surface area. So the decrease of surface area lessens the ability of individual molecules to attract each other.
naming esters
functional group: -COOC-
suffix: -oate
