Chapter 11: basic concepts of organic chemistry (11.2-11.5) Flashcards

1
Q

3 ways to classify hydrocarbons

A

aliphatic - carbon atoms are joined together in unbranched chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

alicyclic - carbon atoms joined together in a ring (cyclic) either with or without branches

aromatic - some or all of the atoms are found in a benzene ring

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2
Q

what are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons you need to be aware of

A

alkanes - saturated, CnH2n+2
alkenes - contain at least one C=C double bond, CnH2n
alkynes - contains at least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond

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3
Q

naming hydrocarbons: stem

A

the stem indicated the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule
mother (meth-), eats (eth-), proper (prop-), butter (but-)

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4
Q

naming hydrocarbons: prefix

A

prefix comes before the stem to indicate the presence of side chains or a functional group
e.g. if something started with 2, methyl then there would be a CH3 side chain on the second carbon

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5
Q

naming hydrocarbons: suffix

A

suffix is added after the stem to indicate functional groups

e.g. alkanes -ane . alkenes -ene . alcohols (-OH) -anol .

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6
Q

naming cyclic alkanes

A

same rules as aliphatic alkanes, but use the prefix cyclo- to show it has a ring structure

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7
Q

naming alkenes

A

general formula: CnH2n
functional group: C=C
suffix: -ene

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8
Q

naming alchohols

A

general formula: CnH2n+1OH
functional group: -OH
prefix: hydroxy-
suffix: -ol

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9
Q

naming aldehydes

A

functional group: -CHO

suffix: -al

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10
Q

naming ketones

A

general formula: CnH2nO

functional group: -C(CO)C-

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11
Q

how to indicate a side chain in molecular formula

A

using brackets

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12
Q

naming carboxylic acids

A

general formula: CnH2nO2
functional group: -COOH
suffix: -oic acid

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13
Q

naming haloanklanes

A

functional group: -Cl, -Br, -I

prefix: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

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14
Q

naming amines

A

functional group: -NH2

prefix: amino-
suffix: -amine

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15
Q

naming nitriles

A

functional group: -CN

suffix: -nitrile

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16
Q

how to read a skeletal formula

A

a line represents a single bond, double line represents a double bond e.c.t
where 2 lines meet indicates a carbon atom
end of a line represents a -CH3 functional group
when there are any functional groups other than CH3, they must be drawn onto the skeletal formula

17
Q

can isomers have different functional groups

A

yes

molecules can have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different functional groups

18
Q

how are covalent bonds broken

A

by bond fission

19
Q

what are the two types of bond fission

A

homolytic fission

heterolytic fission

20
Q

homolytic fission

A

When the bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes on of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
Each atom now has a single unbounded electron therefore 2 radicals are formed

21
Q

heterolytic fission

A

When the bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both the electrons from the bond.
Two ions are formed (the atom which took both electrons is negative and the other is positive)

22
Q

what is a reaction mechanism

A

shows how the reaction took place

indicated with curly arrows. Curly arrows show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made

23
Q

what are the 3 types of reaction

A

addition: two reactants join together to form one product
substitution: an atom (or group of atoms) in a molecule is replaced by a different atom (or group of atoms)
Elimination: this involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one ie. 1 reactant gives 2 products

24
Q

effect of branching on boiling point

A

Branching decreases the boiling point. As the length of carbon chain decreases (due to branching), the surface area of the compound will also decrease. Van der Waals dispersion force is proportional to the surface area. So the decrease of surface area lessens the ability of individual molecules to attract each other.

25
Q

naming esters

A

functional group: -COOC-

suffix: -oate