Chapter 11-Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The chemistry of carbon compounds
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristic reaction of a compound
What do functional groups determine?
The physical and chemical properties of molecules
What is a homologous series?
A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group but each successive member differs by CH₂
What do elements in the same functional group have?
Same general formula, similar chemical properties, show gradual changes in physical properties?
What does aliphatic mean?
Carbon atoms arranged in straight or branched chains
What does alicyclic mean?
Carbon atoms joined in rings that may have branches
What does aromatic mean?
A compound containing a benzene ring ⌬
What saturated?
A compound only contaning carbon-carbon single bonds
What is unsaturated?
A carbon compound containing 1 or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
What does a general formula include?
The number of carbons and hydrogens in terms of n’s
What does a displayed formula include?
All hydrogen and carbons drawn out in a molecule
What does a structural formula show?
It is like the molecular formula but shows all the atoms in the compound in order (brackets () go around branches)
What does the skeletal formula include?
Points (carbons) joined together by lines (carbon bonds) and functional groups-hydrogens not in functional groups are omitted
What are the first 10 prefixes for carbon chain lengths?
- Meth
- Eth
- Prop
- But
- Pent
- Hex
- Hept
- Oct
- Non
- Dec
What functional group represents a branch off the carbon chain?
Alkyl
How are branched hydrocarbons named?
- Find longest carbon chain
- Name the branches before the carbon chain with their number before hand (separate numbers with commas)
What are the prefixes to use when there are multiple of the same carbon chain coming off the same carbon atom?
- di
- tri
- tetra
What is the prefix of cyclic alkanes?
Cyclo
What is the prefix for different haloalkanes?
- Fl-Flouro
- Cl-Chloro
- Br-Bromo
- I-Iodo
How do you name alkenes?
- Find the longest carbon chain with a double bond
- The double bond gets the lowest no.
- The number is between the root and suffix e.g. pent-2-ene
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Alkenes?
- C=C
- Suffix-ene
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Alcohols?
- -OH
- Prefix-hydroxy
- Suffix-ol *
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Haloalkanes?
- C-Halogen
- Prefix-e.g. chloro
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Aldehydes?
- C=O (on end of carbon chain)
- Suffix-al
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Ketones?
- C=O (in middle of carbon chain)
- Prefix-oxo
- Suffix-one*
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Carboxylic acids?
- -COOH
- Suffix-oic acid
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Nitriles?
- -C≡N
- Suffix-nitrile
What is the functional group and prefix/suffix for Amines?
- -NH₂
- Prefix-amino
- Suffix-amine*
What is the naming system called for molecules?
The IUPAC
What are structural isomers?
Same molecular formula, different structural formula
What are chain isomers?
Different arrangement of carbon skelaton
What are the properties of chain isomers?
- Similar chemical properties
- Slightly different physical properties
What are positional isomers?
Different position of functional group of carbon chain
What are properties of positional isomers?
- Similar chemical properties
- Slightly different physical properties
What are functional group isomers
- Same molecular formula, different functional group
What are properties of functional group isomerism?
Different chemical and physical properties
What is Heterolytic fission?
The shared pair of electron in a covalent bond goes to one of the atoms in the bond
What is Homolytic fission?
Each bond recieves one electron from the covalent bond forming 2 radicals
What is a radical?
A species with an unpaired electron
How are the movement of single and pairs of electrons shown?
- Single electrons-curly single headed fishhook arrow
- Pair of electrons-curly double headed arrow
Where can pairs of electrons come from?
- The shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond
- A lone pair
Where can pairs of electrons go to?
- Another atom, forming a single covalent dative bond between them
- Another atom forming a double covalnt bond between them
- To a single bond-to become a double bond
- To form a lone pair
What is a nucleophile?
Electron pair donor
What is an electrophile?
Electron pair acceptor
