Chapter 11 - Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group
What is a functional group?
the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties
What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?
carbon atoms joined together to each other in unbranched or branched chains
What are alicyclic hydrocarbons?
Carbon atoms joined to each other in ring structures
What are aromatic hydrocarbons?
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
what are the first four alkanes?
methane, ethane, propane and butane
What prefix do alicyclic alkanes have?
cyclo
What functional group has a c to c double bond?
alkene
What functional group has an OH?
Alcohol
What functional group has -Cl, -Br and -I ?
Haloalkane
What functional group has - CHO?
Aldehyde
What functional group has -C(CO)C- ?
Ketone
What functional group has -COOH ?
Carboxylic acid
What functional group has a -COOC- ?
ester
What functional group has -COCl ?
acyl chloride
What functional group has a -NH2 ?
amine
What functional group has a -CN?
nitrile
what is the prefix for alcohols?
hydroxy-
What is the prefix for haloalkanes?
chloro- bromo- iodo-
What is the prefix for amine?
amino-
what is the suffix for alkenes?
-ene
what is the suffix for alcohols?
-ol
what is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
what is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
what is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
what is the suffix for an ester?
-oate
what is the suffix for an acyl chloride?
-oyl chloride
what is the suffix for an amine?
-amine
what is the suffix for a nitrile?
-nitrile
What is molecular formula?
Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
what is empirical formulae?
The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
What is general formulae?
simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homogolous series
What is a displayed formula?
shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
What is structural formulae?
used the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
what is skeletal formulae?
shows the carbon skeleton and any functional groups
What are structural isomerisms?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
what are the two ways covalent bonds can be broken?
homolytic fission and heterolytic fission
what happens during homolytic fission?
each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
what type of atom is a result of homolytic fission?
a radical
what happens during heterolytic fission?
one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
what is the result of heterolytic fission?
a negative and a positive ion
what do curly arrows show in a reaction mechanism?
the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made
what is addition?
when two reactants join together to form one product
what is substitution?
when an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
what is elimination?
involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one. one reactant molecule forms two products
