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Chemistry Module 4 Core Organic Chemistry > Chapter 11: Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The atom or group of atoms that’s is responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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2
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of organic compounds with the same general formula and functional group.
They show a gradual change in physical properties
Each member differs by CH2 from the last
Similar chemical properties

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3
Q

What is an aliphatic compound?

A

An organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms joined in straight or branched chains or in non-aromatic rings. The atoms are connected by single, double or triple bonds. They can be saturated or unsaturated.

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4
Q

What is an alicyclic compound?

A

An aliphatic compound in which three or more atoms of carbon are linked together in an non-aromatic ring. These can be unsaturated or saturated.
Alicyclic compounds are also aliphatic.

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5
Q

What is an aromatic compound?

A

An organic compound in which a benzene ring can be found. This is unsaturated.

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6
Q

What are the general rules for naming branched alkanes?

A

-First, identify which suffix to use after the stem. For example, if the compound if saturated then the suffix would be -ane
-Next, identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
-Then, identify any side chains and which number carbon the side chains are on. However, when naming these compounds always use the lowest combination of numbers possible
-Finally, combine the suffix, stem and side chains to name the compound
However, it is also important to note that if there are two or more side chains which are the same, the prefixes: di-, tri- and tetra- should be used which correspond to 2, 3 or 4 of the same side chain
Additionally, if there are two or more different side chains (eg, if there was a methyl and ethyl group) the side chains should be ordered and names alphabetically.
Commas should be placed between number and hyphens used between number and letter

For example, 2,2-dimethylbutane

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7
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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8
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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9
Q

What are the general rules of naming alicyclic alkanes?

A

Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
Add the prefix: ‘cyclo-‘

For example, if there were was a continuous chain of 5 carbons in an alicyclic structure, then it would be named cyclopentane

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10
Q

What are the general rules for naming alkenes?

A

Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
Identify where the double bond is using the smallest carbon atom number
Combine the suffix, stem and position of the double bond to name the compound.

For example, pent-2-ene

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11
Q

What are the general rules when naming alcohols?

A

Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms
Identify the lowest numbered carbon atom the functional group is positioned on
Add the prefix ‘hydroxy-‘ or suffix ‘-ol’ to the named alcohol
If there is two alcohol functional groups then the suffix will change to ‘-diol’

For example, butan-2-ol

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12
Q

What are the general rules when naming aldehydes?

A

Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms
Combine the suffix and stem to name the compound, Aldehydes do not need numbers to show the position of the carbonyl group as it is always on position 1.
Aldehydes always end in ‘-al’

For example, Propanal

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13
Q

What are the general rules when naming haloalkanes?

A

Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms
Identify the lowest number of carbon atoms for the halogen/s to be positioned
Add the prefix: chloro-, bromo, iodo- for the appropriate halogen.

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14
Q

What general formula do Cyclic alkanes have?

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

What is Molecular formula?

A

Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present.

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16
Q

What is Empirical Formula?

A

Shows the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present.

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17
Q

What is Structural Isomerism?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula.

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18
Q

How are different isomers identified?

A

1-Draw the straight chain version
2-Create one branch
3-Move this branch to different positions
4-Create two branches if necessary
5-Move them to different positions
6-Create a longer branch
7-Create multiple branches

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19
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH
Remember when working out the molecular formula of an alcohol, add the extra hydrogen on the end to the middle.

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20
Q

What is the general formula of a Carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2nO2

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21
Q

What is the general formula of a ketone?

A

CnH2nO

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22
Q

What group takes priority when numbering the lowest carbon atoms?

A

Any Functional Groups takes priority when numbering the lowest possible combination of carbon atoms before the branched chains.

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23
Q

What are the general rules when naming multiple functional groups?

A

Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
Identify the functional groups present, the lowest possible combination of carbon atoms and the prefix or suffix needed.
Combine the stem and the prefix/suffix to name the compound. Remember that the side chains will be named alphabetically.

For example, 2-chloro-2-methylbutane

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24
Q

How do you name an organic compound with two or more of the same side chains?

A

If there is two or more of the same side chains joined to the compound, then di-, tri-, tetra- corresponds to 2,3 or 4 of the side chains.

25
Q

What does Saturated mean?

A

An organic compound which contains only C-C single bonds.
Note: they can contain C=O double bonds, this will still mean it is saturated.

26
Q

What does Unsaturated mean?

A

An organic compound which contains at least one C to C double bond, triple bond or an aromatic ring.

27
Q

What is a General formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

28
Q

What is the Displayed formula?

A

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.

29
Q

What is the Skeletal formula?

A

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing the hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving only the carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

30
Q

What is the Structural formula?

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

31
Q

What is a Cyclic compound?

A

A compound that contains a ring as part of the structure.

32
Q

Name this organic compound.
Cl Cl
| |
H—-C——-C—-H
| |
Cl Cl

A

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

Remember it’s important to show the number for every functional group present.

33
Q

What is the difference between ketones and aldehydes?

A

Both ketones and Aldehydes have the same functional group of C=O, therefore in order to differentiate them you need to look at their relative positioning within the carbon chain. Aldehydes will always be fixed at Carbon 1, while ketones will be positioned in the middle of the carbon chain.

34
Q

What are the general rules when naming ketones?

A

Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
Identify the suffix to use ‘-one’
Identify lowest possible position of the ketone on the carbon chain.
Combine prefix (if side chains also present), stem and suffix.

35
Q

What are the general rules when naming Carboxylic acids?

A

Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
The position of the functional group of a Carboxylic acid is always fixed at Carbon 1
Identify any other side chains
Combine (if any) prefix, the stem and suffix of -‘oic acid’.
If there are two Carboxylic acid functional groups on both ends of the chain then the suffix will change to ‘-dioc acid’

36
Q

What is Homolytic Fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond, so each atom will have a single unpaired electron.
Eg) H3C—CH3 —-> H3C. + CH3.

.= single unpaired electron

37
Q

How is Homolytic Fission represented using curly arrows?

A

Two single headed curly arrows

38
Q

What is Heterolytic Fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond forming an anion and a cation.
The atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion (anion)
The atom that does not take the electrons becomes a positive ion (cation)

Eg) H3C—Cl —-> H3C+ + Cl:-

: = pair of electrons

39
Q

How is Heterolytic Fission represented using Curly arrows?

A

Represented using one double headed curly arrow.

40
Q

What do Curly arrows show?

A

The movement of a pair of electrons when bonds are being broken or made.

41
Q

What is important to note when using Curly arrows?

A

Curly arrows must touch the bonds or lone pairs.

42
Q

What are Nucleophiles?

A

Lone/ electron pair donors
They contain a lone pair, negative charge or partial negative charge.

43
Q

Where do Nucleophiles ‘attack’?

A

Electron deficient areas.

44
Q

What are Electrophiles?

A

Lone/ electron pair acceptors.
They have positive charges or partial positive charges.

45
Q

Where do Electrophiles ‘attack’?

A

Electron rich areas like C=C

46
Q

What are Free Radicals?

A

Reactive species with an unpaired electron.

47
Q

What are the three types of reaction?

A

Addition Reactions
Substitution Reactions
Elimination Reactions

48
Q

What are Addition Reactions?

A

Two reactants join to form one product—> 100% atom economy

49
Q

What are Substitution Reactions?

A

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atom.

50
Q

What are Elimination Reactions?

A

The removal of a small molecule (usually water, but not always) from a larger one. One reactant molecule forms 2 products.

51
Q

Which of these molecules is in the same homologous series as molecule 1?

/\   /    \ /        \OH

A- CH3CH2CH2CHO
B- HOCH2CH2CH2OH
C- CH2CHCH2CH2OH
D- CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2OH

A

D-CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2OH

52
Q

What does Homolytic Fission make?

A

Free Radicals

53
Q

What does Heterolytic Fission make?

A

Polar species (Nucleophiles and Electrophiles)

54
Q

What is the general formula of alkyl groups?

A

CnH2n+1

55
Q

Draw the skeletal formula of the structural isomer of the organic product and name it.
CH3CHBrCH3 + NaOH —-> CH2==CHCH3 + NaBr +H2O

A

/\
/ \
/ ____\
Cyclopropane

56
Q

When drawing structural isomers what can alkenes always form?

A

Cyclic alkanes

57
Q

What a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that contains Carbon and Hydrogen atoms only

58
Q

Which of these cannot be a starting point for a curly arrow?
1-A lone pair
2- A covalent bond
3- A negative charge
4- A partial charge

A

4- A partial charge

Chemistry Module 4 Core Organic Chemistry (7 decks)

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