chapter 11: basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
what does modern organic chemistry study?
structure, properties, composition, reactions and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.
what aspects of modern life are organic compounds part of?
pharmaceuticals
detergents
dyes
plastics
how many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4
what is a hydrocarbon?
compound containing carbon and hydrogen only.
what is a saturated hydrocarbon?
contains single bonds only.
what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds.
what is a homologous series?
a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive numbers differ by the addition of a CH2 group.
what is a functional group?
part of the molecule responsible for the chemical properties.
what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
carbon atoms attached in branched or unbranched chains.
what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
carbon atoms are joined in a ring, with or without branches.
what is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
some or all carbons are in a benzene ring.
what does the stem of the name of a hydrocarbon indicate?
the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain of the molecule.
what does a prefix on a hydrocarbon indicate?
presence of side chains or a functional group.
what does a suffix on a hydrocarbon indicate?
functional group
what is an alkyl group?
hydrogen atom is removed from the parent chain.
what is the suffix for an alkyl group?
-yl
what is the prefix for an acyclic alkane?
cyclo-
what is the functional group for an alkene?
C double bonded to C
what is the functional group for an alcohol?
-OH
what is the functional group for an aldehyde?
-CHO
what is the functional group for a haloalkane?
-Br, -I, -Cl
what is the functional group for a ketone?
-C(CO)C-
what is the functional group for a carboxylic acid?
-COOH
what is the molecular formula?
shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule.
what is the empirical formula?
simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound.
what is the general formula?
simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.
what is the displayed formula?
shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
what is structural formula?
uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
what is skeletal formula?
simplified organic formula.
carbon and hydrogen labels are removed.
what does a line in skeletal formula show?
single bond
what does an intersection of two lines in skeletal formula show?
carbon atom
what does the end of a line in skeletal formula show?
-CH3
what are structural isomers?
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
