Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 1

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.

Question 2

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds. Whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.

Question 3

What is a homologous series?

Answer 3

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2– group

Question 4

What is a functional group?

Answer 4

The part of the organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.

Question 5

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 5

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a straight chain, or branched chains, or non - aromatic chains.

Question 6

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

Answer 6

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures.

Question 7

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 7

Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring.

Question 8

What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes?

Answer 8

Alkanes - single carbon carbon bonds
Alkenes - one or more carbon carbon double bond
Alkynes - one or more carbon carbon triple bond

Question 9

What are the names of the first ten alkanes?

Answer 9

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane and Decane.

Question 10

What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?

Answer 10

C=C

-ene

Question 11

What is the functional group and suffix for an alcohol?

Answer 11

• OH

- ol

Question 12

What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?

Answer 12

-Cl / -Br / -I

Chloro- / Bromo- / Iodo-

Question 13

What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?

Answer 13

• CHO

- al

Question 14

What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?

Answer 14

• C(CO)C-

- one

Question 15

What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?

Answer 15

• COOH

- oic acid

Question 16

What is a general formula?

Answer 16

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.

Question 17

What is displayed formula?

Answer 17

Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
(The one you draw out)

Question 18

What is structural formula?

Answer 18

Shows which groups are bonded together.

(Written one) i.e. CH3CH2CH3

Question 19

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 19

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Question 20

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 20

When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one electron from the bonded pair to from 2 radicals

Question 21

What is formed after homolytic fission?

Answer 21

Two atoms with an unpaired electron

Called radicals

Question 22

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 22

When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the electron pair

Question 23

What is formed from heterolytic fission?

Answer 23

A positive ion and a negative ion.

Question 24

What are curly arrows used to show?

Answer 24

The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.

Question 25

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 25

Two reactants join together to form one product.

Question 26

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 26

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.

Question 27

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 27

The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.

Question 28

Where must a curly arrow start from?

Answer 28

it must start from a bond, a lone pair or a negative charge.

Question 29

what is the trick to find the total number of isomers (up to 7 carbon atoms)

Answer 29

2^(n-4) + 1

Question 30

What is a position isomer?

Answer 30

A structural isomer where, The differing position of the same function group in the molecule.
e.g. But-2-ene, its position isomer will be But-1-ene

Question 31

What is a functional isomer?

Answer 31

A structural isomer where, Differing positions of atoms give a different functional group.
e.g. But-2-ene, its functional isomer will be cyclobutane.

Question 32

What is a chain isomer?

Answer 32

A structural isomer where, Different arrangement of a molecule’s carbon skeleton.

e.g. Butane, its chain isomer will be 2-methyl propane.

Question 33

What is a geometric isomer?

Answer 33

A stereo isomer where, Different substituents around a bond with restricted rotation.

e.g. (E)-1,2-dichloroethene, its geometric isomer is (Z)-1,2-dichloroethene.

Question 34

What is a optical isomer?

Answer 34

• A stereo isomer,
• Non-superimposable MIRROR images of the same molecule.
• Is in 3D, so wedges included
• (Basically the atoms are arranged so that its a direct mirror to each other.)

e.g. L:(S)-1-Chloroethanol, its optical isomer is R:(R)-1-Chloroethanol