Chapter 11 AMSCO 1820-1860 Flashcards
What was the period called before the civil war in 1861?
Antebellum Period
What were some of the reasons reformers fought?
Free public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling or abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal rights for women, and abolishing slavery.
What did the Second Great Awakening set up?
It set up the stage for equally enthusiastic social reform movements, especially abolitionism and temperance.
How did the Second Great Awakening begin?
began among educated people such as Reverend Timothy Dwight, president of Yale college in Connecticut. (Motivated a generation of young men to become evangelical preachers.)
Who were the preachers main audience?
The uneducated
Revivalism in New York
Presbyterian minister Charles G. Finney started a series of revivals using fear and emotions as the main tactic, because of this influence western New York became known as the “burned-over district” for its “hell and-brimstone” revivals.
Baptist and Methodist
This would spread in the south and western places, Peter Cartwright would go from place to place and thousands would come to hear their dramatic preaching, by 1850 they became the largest Protestant denominations in the country.
Millennialism
many of religious enthusiasm was based on the thought the world was ending.
William Miller
Gained tens of thousands of followers by giving a certain date that the second coming is on October 21, 1844, although when nothing happened many still believed. (Millennialism)
Who was the founding father of Mormons?
Joseph Smith, in 1830
Romanticism
A new movement expressed by transcendentalists
Transcendentalists
Transcendentalists questioned the doctrines established by churches and business practices and looked for a deeper way to discover one’s inner self and look for the essence of God in nature.
What did the transcendentalists argue/value?
Art was more important than the pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism highly and supported many reforms, especially the antislavery movement.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
His essays lectured the nationalistic spirit of Americans by urging them not to imitate European culture but to create a distinctive one.
Best known transcendentalist, a very popular American speaker.
Leading Critic of slavery in 1850’s
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
He isolated himself for two years in a cabin to find the essence of life and the universe, and he made a book he is well known for “Walden (1854)” as he is remembered today as a pioneer ecologist and conservationist.
In his essay “On Civil Disobedience” he advocated nonviolent protests, which encouraged Gandhi in India and Martin Luther King Jr.
Brook Farm
Created to have great mental freedom, its remembered for its artistic creativity, its innovative school, and its appeal to the New England intellectual elite and their children. (consisted of many different people)
Shakers
Held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate for-bidding marriage and sexual relationships, died from lack of members.
The Amana Colonies
Germans who belonged to a religious movement known as Pietism. Similar to Shakers but allowed marriage and still exists.
New Harmony
A nonreligious experiment in New Harmony, Indiana. They hoped to provide the answer to the problem of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. Failed.
Oneida Community
Members shared everything, but critics attacked stating that communal child-rearing was a sinful experiment in “free love” Despite the hate, they still thrived by selling silverware.
Who founded the Oneida Community?
John Humphrey in 1848 created the community in Oneida, New York
Fourier Phalanxes
In 1840 Charles Fourier advocated for people to live together but failed as many are too individualistic to live together.
Painting
to portray the everyday life of ordinary people.
Architecture
adapted Greek styles to glorify the democratic spirit of the republic.
Literature
after 1812 American people became more nationalistic and eager to read works of American Writers about American themes.
Temperance
high rate of alcohol consumption (five gallons of hard liquor per person in 1820) made reformers target alcohol as the cause of social ills.
By 1840, had over a million followers.
German and Irish opposed this movement but had no political power.
American Temperance Society
Made in 1826, which encouraged drinkers to take a pledge not to drink.
Washingtonian
Made in 1840, recovering alcoholics argued alcohol is a disease that needed professional treatment.
What was the first state to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors?
Maine in 1851
Dorothea DIx
Was horrified to find mentally ill people locked up with convicted criminals in dirty cells. She launched a cross-country crusade on what she encountered.
Who was the first to open a school for the deaf?
Thomas Gallaudet
Who was the first to open a school for the blind?
Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe
Who was the leading advocate for free public schools?
Horace Mann
William Holmes McGuffey
Made a series of elementary textbooks.
Women in college in 1830’s
Several new colleges including Mount Holyoke College and Oberlin College began to admit women.
Cult of Domesticity
The idealized view of women as moral leaders in the homes.
Women’s Rights
Many women resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the movements.
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
Objected to a male in an antislavery activity. Grimke wrote her Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837).
Lucreita Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Another pair of women’s rights advocate after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention.
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
The first women’s rights convention in American History, issued a document closed to the Declaration of Independence.
Who led the campaign for women right’s and why didn’t it succeed?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony led the campaign for equal rights for women but were overshadowed by the antislavery movement.
Who led the campaign for women right’s and why didn’t it succeed?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony led the campaign for equal rights for women but were overshadowed by the antislavery movement.
American Colonization Society
tried to send Slaves back to Africa in 1817 then tried to move them to a city but the numbers were too big.
American Antislavery Society in 1831
William Lloyd Garrison began the radical abolitionist movement by publishing The Liberator. Burned the constitution to state no union with slave owners.
Liberty Party
a group of northerners formed the party in 1840 and sent James Birney as a candidate for president.
Black Abolitionists
escaped or free slaves like Frederick Douglass spoke about the brutality firsthand. In 1847, he started the antislavery journal The North Star other African American leaders help organize the effort to help escaped slaves to free territory.
Violent Abolitionists in 1831
Virginia slaved named Nat Turner led a revolt killing 55 whites and in retaliation the whites killed hundreds brutally.
