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Chapter 11 Psych > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Conscience

A

Part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is

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2
Q

Fixation

A

Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

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3
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

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4
Q

Oral Stage

A

First stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict

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5
Q

Anal Stage

A

Second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict

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6
Q

Anal Expulsive Personality

A

A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile

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7
Q

Anal Retentive Personality

A

A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn

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8
Q

Phallic Stage

A

Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings

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9
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent and jealousy of the same sex parent

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10
Q

Identification

A

Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

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11
Q

Latency

A

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

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12
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it

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13
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories

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14
Q

Personal Unconscious

A

Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

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15
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species

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16
Q

Archetypes

A

Jung’s collective, universal human memories

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17
Q

Basic anxiety

A

Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

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18
Q

Neurotic Personalities

A

Personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory

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19
Q

Habits

A

In behaviorism, sets of well learned responses that have become automatic

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20
Q

Social cognitive learning theorists

A

Theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influence of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies of learning

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21
Q

Social cognitive view

A

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models

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22
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

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23
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Individual’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

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24
Q

Locus of control

A

The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

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25
Q

Expectancy

A

A person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

26
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

The “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice

27
Q

Self-actualizing tendency

A

The striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilties

28
Q

Self-concept

A

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life

29
Q

Self

A

An individual’s awareness of their own personal characteristics and level of functioning

30
Q

Real self

A

One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

31
Q

Ideal self

A

One’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be

32
Q

Positive regard

A

Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life

33
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

34
Q

Conditional positive regard

A

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

35
Q

Fully functioning person

A

A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

36
Q

Trait theories

A

Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

37
Q

Trait

A

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

38
Q

Surface traits

A

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

39
Q

Source traits

A

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

40
Q

Introversion

A

Dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation

41
Q

Five-factor model (big five)

A

Model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions

42
Q

Openness

A

One of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

43
Q

Conscientiousness

A

The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

44
Q

Extraversion

A

Dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people

45
Q

Extraverts

A

People who are outgoing and sociable

46
Q

Introverts

A

People who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention

47
Q

Agreeableness

A

The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant

48
Q

Neuroticism

A

Degree of emotional instability or stability

49
Q

Trait-situation interaction

A

The assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

50
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

51
Q

Interview

A

Method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion

52
Q

Halo effect

A

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements

53
Q

Projection

A

Defense mechanism involving placing, or “projecting,” one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself

54
Q

Projective tests

A

Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

55
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

Projective tests that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

56
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

Projective test that uses 20 pics of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

57
Q

Subjective

A

Referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences

58
Q

Direct observation

A

Assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day to day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

59
Q

Rating scale

A

Assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scalr

60
Q

Frequency count

A

Assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted

61
Q

Personality inventory

A

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

Chapter 11 Psych (1 decks)

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