Chapter 11

Question 1

Carbon

Answer 1

• in group 4
• 4 electrons in its outer shell
• each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms (single,double or triple bonds)
• carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains

Question 2

Hydrocarbons

Answer 2

• a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

- they can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 3

Saturated

Answer 3

-has single bonds only

Question 4

Unsaturated

Answer 4

-contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds

Question 5

Homologous series

Answer 5

-a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group

Question 6

Functional groups

Answer 6

-the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties

Question 7

Hydrocarbons can be classified as:

Answer 7

Aliphatic
Alicyclic
Aromatic

Question 8

Aliphatic

Answer 8

• carbon atoms joined together in unbranched (straight) or branched chains or non aromatic rings
• can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 9

Alicyclic

Answer 9

• carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
• usually shown as skeletal formulae

Question 10

Aromatic

Answer 10

• some or all of the carbons are found in a benzene ring
• usually shown as skeletal formulae
• unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a benzene ring

Question 11

Three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 11

• alkanes, containing single carbon-carbon bonds
• alkenes, containing at least one double carbon-carbon bond
• alkynes, containing at least one triple carbon-carbon bond

Question 12

The stem of the name…

Answer 12

…indicates the number of carbon atoms in the largest chain in the molecule

Question 13

A prefix…

Answer 13

…added before the stem to indicate the presence of side chains or functional groups

Question 14

A suffix…

Answer 14

…added after the stem to indictable functional groups

Question 15

Naming aliphatic alkanes

Answer 15

1. Identify the longest carbon chain and name it
2. Identify any side chains (alkyl groups)
3. Add numbers before the alkyl group to show the position of the group in the carbon chain

Question 16

Identifying the longest chain

Answer 16

When there are two or more chains of the same length, the chain with the most branches is considered the longest chain

Question 17

Structural Isomers

Answer 17

-compounds with the same structural formula but different molecular formula

Question 18

Homolytic fission

Answer 18

When a covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
-results in two free radicals

Question 19

Heterolytic fission

Answer 19

When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond

Question 20

Addition reactions

Answer 20

Two reactants join together to form one product

Question 21

Substitution reaction

Answer 21

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or groups of atoms

Question 22

Elimination reaction

Answer 22

Involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one