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chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

how is gene location controlled in Prokaryotes

A

mainly controlled by external signals

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2
Q

do external signals originate inside or outside of the cell

A

originate outside of the cell(food)

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3
Q

is lactose present or absent when operon is turned off

A

lactose is absent

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4
Q

why is lactose absent

A

because repressor binds to the operator which prevents binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter

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5
Q

what is the region of DNA to which repressor binds

A

operator

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6
Q

what is the region to which RNA polymerase binds

A

promoter

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7
Q

what is found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

operon

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8
Q

also a group of genes that share one promoter

A

operon

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9
Q

active repressor

A

protein that prevents binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA , blocking transcription

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10
Q

what can no longer bind to the operator and prevent binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter

A

inactive repressor

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11
Q

what is transcribed into a single mRNA

A

3 lactose-utilization genes

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12
Q

ribosomes are used to make what?

A

lactose-utilization enzymes

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13
Q

how is gene expression controlled in Eukaryotes

A

mainly controlled by internal signals

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14
Q

do internal signals originate inside or outside the cell

A

originate inside the cell

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15
Q

what controls gene expression in eukaryotes

A

DNA packaging

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16
Q

What is transcribed by the RNA polymerase into RNA

A

loosely packed DNA

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17
Q

consists of histones and DNA wrapped around them

A

nucleosome

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18
Q

what DNA packaging protein is found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes

A

histones

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19
Q

forms when nucleosomes wind around each other; has tightly packed DNA that cannot be transcribed by RNA polymerase

A

tight helical fiber

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20
Q

X- Chromosome Inactivation occurs in prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

eukaryotes

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21
Q

Does X- chromosome occur in female or male mammals

A

female mammals

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22
Q

inactive x chromosomes with tightly packed DNA

A

BARRBODY

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23
Q

does barrbody not occur in the somatic cells of female or males

A

not in human males because he has only 1 X chromosome

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24
Q

why does the tortoiseshell cat have a patchy distribution of black and orange fur

A

because 1 of the two X-chromosomes becomes inactivated during early embryonic development

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25
animals whose bodies are covered with hair/ fur and females have mammary glands
mammals (humans and cats)
26
how many X chromosomes does a female mammal have in each somatic cell
2 x-chromosomes; 1 maternal and 1 parental
27
how many x-chromosomes are active in female mammals
only 1 is active
28
does active x chromosome have loosely or tightly packed DNA
loosely packed DNA
29
is loosely packed DNA transcribed or not
transcribed; leading to the formation of orange fur
30
does inactive x chromosome have loosely or tightly packed DNA
tightly packed DNA
31
is inactive x-chromosomes transcribed or not transcribed
not transcribed; no orange fur is produced
32
regions of the DNA to which activators proteins bind in eukaryotes
enhancers
33
proteins that help eukaryotes RNA polymerase to locate the promoter and initiate transcription
transcription factors
34
when introns are removed and different combinations of exons are brought together
alternative RNA splicing
35
produces different mRNAS from the same transcript and results in the production of more than one polypeptide from the same gene
alternative RNA splicing
36
mRNA moves from what to what
moves from nucleus to cytoplasm
37
what must polypeptides to in order to make a protein functional
fold and assemble with other polypeptides if protein is made of 2 or more polypeptides
38
what is different between mRNA and proteins
they have different half lives; they don't stay in our cytoplasm forever
39
what does 2 mRNAs encode
encodes different proteins with different functions
40
what becomes broken down to ribonucleotides to make new RNA'S
cytoplasm
41
what affects gene expression
external signals
42
what are external signals
signaling molecule produced by signaling cell
43
affects the gene expression of the target cell without even entering it
external signals
44
normal gene that codes for a protein that stimulates cell division
proto-oncogene
45
oncogen
mutated-cancer causing gene that encodes hyperactive growth stimulating protein in a normal amount; causes cell to divide excessively
46
cancer causing gene that codes for a protein
proto-oncogene
47
what does cancer cells have
mutated proto-oncogen and mutated tumor suppressor genes
48
encodes tumor suppressor proteins that stop cell division when DNA is damaged
tumor suppressor gene
49
defective non functioning protein where cell division is not under control
p53 protein
50
what two groups of gene expression control cell division
porto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene
51
replication causes
multiple copies of genes are transcribed and translated ; increased levels in normal growth stimulating protein causing cell to divide excessively
52
how does all 3 cases affect gene expression
causing cell to divide excessively
53
where is the gene moved
to a new DNA locus under new controls; gene is transcribed and translated more often
54
normal protococogen stimulates what?
cell division
55
what stops cells division when DNA is damaged
tumor suppressor gene
56
most common tumor suppressor protein
P53 protein
57
what does protein p53 do
stops cell division when DNA is damaged
58
what triggers the production of the DNA repair enzymes
p53 protein
59
what happens if the DNA is fixed in normal p53 proteins
the cell divides
60
what happens if the DNA is not fixed
p53 protein causes the cell to commit suicide
61
what is a programmed death
apoptosis
62
how do you know when cell division is not under control
P53 is defective, nonfunctioning protein
63
what does cancer cells have
mutated photo-oncogen and mutated tumor suppressor genes
64
how many mutations are needed for the cancer to develop
4 or more mutations
65
what are permanent changes of the DNA
mutations
66
what causes the mutations in cancer cells
carcinogens
67
any substance that causes cancer
carcinogens
68
what is responsible for lung cancer
pollution and smoking
69
When cells become more specialized
differentiation
70
who have more differentiated cells than younger ones
adult organisms
71
exact replica
clone
72
what does an egg with diploid nucleus resemble
zygote
73
whats is a fertilized egg
zygote
74
what is produced when zygote is divided by mitosis
morula
75
solid ball of cells
morula
76
what does morula produce
blastocyst
77
hollow ball of cell
blastocyst
78
early embryo
blastocyst
79
blastocyst created what in 1996
dolly the sheep
80
what was dolly genetically identical to
nucleus donor
81
what was Dolly not genetically identical to
different DNA than egg donor or surrogate mother
82
what was different about DOLLY
dolly had differentiated DNA that was different from undifferentiated DNA that normally forms when egg and sperm fuse together
83
what caused the DNA to be differentiated
due to different patterns of chemical modification
84
why did dolly age so quickly
because of differentiated DNA
85
what creates a new organism
reproductive cloning
86
what creates different tissues using embryonic stem cells
therapeutical cloning
87
what is derived from blastocyst
pluripotent embryonic stem cells (undifferentiated cells)
88
what gives a rise to all cell types in the body , excluding placenta
pluripotent embryonic stem cells
89
what does stem cell divide by
mitosis
90
what do stem cells produce
another stem cell and differentiated cell
91
what is undifferentiated cell
embryonic stem cell and adult stem cells
92
where are adult stem cells found
bone marrow
93
give rise to different types of blood cells (red and white) but not to non-blood cells
multipotent
94
what cell is derived from morula
embryonic cells
95
what is derived from morula
totipotent
96
what forms before blastocyst
morula

chapter 11 (1 decks)

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