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chapter 11 > chapter 11 > Flashcards

chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

how is gene location controlled in Prokaryotes

A

mainly controlled by external signals

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2
Q

do external signals originate inside or outside of the cell

A

originate outside of the cell(food)

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3
Q

is lactose present or absent when operon is turned off

A

lactose is absent

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4
Q

why is lactose absent

A

because repressor binds to the operator which prevents binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter

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5
Q

what is the region of DNA to which repressor binds

A

operator

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6
Q

what is the region to which RNA polymerase binds

A

promoter

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7
Q

what is found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

operon

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8
Q

also a group of genes that share one promoter

A

operon

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9
Q

active repressor

A

protein that prevents binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA , blocking transcription

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10
Q

what can no longer bind to the operator and prevent binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter

A

inactive repressor

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11
Q

what is transcribed into a single mRNA

A

3 lactose-utilization genes

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12
Q

ribosomes are used to make what?

A

lactose-utilization enzymes

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13
Q

how is gene expression controlled in Eukaryotes

A

mainly controlled by internal signals

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14
Q

do internal signals originate inside or outside the cell

A

originate inside the cell

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15
Q

what controls gene expression in eukaryotes

A

DNA packaging

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16
Q

What is transcribed by the RNA polymerase into RNA

A

loosely packed DNA

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17
Q

consists of histones and DNA wrapped around them

A

nucleosome

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18
Q

what DNA packaging protein is found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes

A

histones

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19
Q

forms when nucleosomes wind around each other; has tightly packed DNA that cannot be transcribed by RNA polymerase

A

tight helical fiber

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20
Q

X- Chromosome Inactivation occurs in prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

eukaryotes

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21
Q

Does X- chromosome occur in female or male mammals

A

female mammals

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22
Q

inactive x chromosomes with tightly packed DNA

A

BARRBODY

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23
Q

does barrbody not occur in the somatic cells of female or males

A

not in human males because he has only 1 X chromosome

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24
Q

why does the tortoiseshell cat have a patchy distribution of black and orange fur

A

because 1 of the two X-chromosomes becomes inactivated during early embryonic development

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25
Q

animals whose bodies are covered with hair/ fur and females have mammary glands

A

mammals (humans and cats)

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26
Q

how many X chromosomes does a female mammal have in each somatic cell

A

2 x-chromosomes; 1 maternal and 1 parental

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27
Q

how many x-chromosomes are active in female mammals

A

only 1 is active

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28
Q

does active x chromosome have loosely or tightly packed DNA

A

loosely packed DNA

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29
Q

is loosely packed DNA transcribed or not

A

transcribed; leading to the formation of orange fur

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30
Q

does inactive x chromosome have loosely or tightly packed DNA

A

tightly packed DNA

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31
Q

is inactive x-chromosomes transcribed or not transcribed

A

not transcribed; no orange fur is produced

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32
Q

regions of the DNA to which activators proteins bind in eukaryotes

A

enhancers

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33
Q

proteins that help eukaryotes RNA polymerase to locate the promoter and initiate transcription

A

transcription factors

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34
Q

when introns are removed and different combinations of exons are brought together

A

alternative RNA splicing

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35
Q

produces different mRNAS from the same transcript and results in the production of more than one polypeptide from the same gene

A

alternative RNA splicing

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36
Q

mRNA moves from what to what

A

moves from nucleus to cytoplasm

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37
Q

what must polypeptides to in order to make a protein functional

A

fold and assemble with other polypeptides if protein is made of 2 or more polypeptides

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38
Q

what is different between mRNA and proteins

A

they have different half lives; they don’t stay in our cytoplasm forever

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39
Q

what does 2 mRNAs encode

A

encodes different proteins with different functions

40
Q

what becomes broken down to ribonucleotides to make new RNA’S

A

cytoplasm

41
Q

what affects gene expression

A

external signals

42
Q

what are external signals

A

signaling molecule produced by signaling cell

43
Q

affects the gene expression of the target cell without even entering it

A

external signals

44
Q

normal gene that codes for a protein that stimulates cell division

A

proto-oncogene

45
Q

oncogen

A

mutated-cancer causing gene that encodes hyperactive growth stimulating protein in a normal amount; causes cell to divide excessively

46
Q

cancer causing gene that codes for a protein

A

proto-oncogene

47
Q

what does cancer cells have

A

mutated proto-oncogen and mutated tumor suppressor genes

48
Q

encodes tumor suppressor proteins that stop cell division when DNA is damaged

A

tumor suppressor gene

49
Q

defective non functioning protein where cell division is not under control

A

p53 protein

50
Q

what two groups of gene expression control cell division

A

porto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene

51
Q

replication causes

A

multiple copies of genes are transcribed and translated ; increased levels in normal growth stimulating protein causing cell to divide excessively

52
Q

how does all 3 cases affect gene expression

A

causing cell to divide excessively

53
Q

where is the gene moved

A

to a new DNA locus under new controls; gene is transcribed and translated more often

54
Q

normal protococogen stimulates what?

A

cell division

55
Q

what stops cells division when DNA is damaged

A

tumor suppressor gene

56
Q

most common tumor suppressor protein

A

P53 protein

57
Q

what does protein p53 do

A

stops cell division when DNA is damaged

58
Q

what triggers the production of the DNA repair enzymes

A

p53 protein

59
Q

what happens if the DNA is fixed in normal p53 proteins

A

the cell divides

60
Q

what happens if the DNA is not fixed

A

p53 protein causes the cell to commit suicide

61
Q

what is a programmed death

A

apoptosis

62
Q

how do you know when cell division is not under control

A

P53 is defective, nonfunctioning protein

63
Q

what does cancer cells have

A

mutated photo-oncogen and mutated tumor suppressor genes

64
Q

how many mutations are needed for the cancer to develop

A

4 or more mutations

65
Q

what are permanent changes of the DNA

A

mutations

66
Q

what causes the mutations in cancer cells

A

carcinogens

67
Q

any substance that causes cancer

A

carcinogens

68
Q

what is responsible for lung cancer

A

pollution and smoking

69
Q

When cells become more specialized

A

differentiation

70
Q

who have more differentiated cells than younger ones

A

adult organisms

71
Q

exact replica

A

clone

72
Q

what does an egg with diploid nucleus resemble

A

zygote

73
Q

whats is a fertilized egg

A

zygote

74
Q

what is produced when zygote is divided by mitosis

A

morula

75
Q

solid ball of cells

A

morula

76
Q

what does morula produce

A

blastocyst

77
Q

hollow ball of cell

A

blastocyst

78
Q

early embryo

A

blastocyst

79
Q

blastocyst created what in 1996

A

dolly the sheep

80
Q

what was dolly genetically identical to

A

nucleus donor

81
Q

what was Dolly not genetically identical to

A

different DNA than egg donor or surrogate mother

82
Q

what was different about DOLLY

A

dolly had differentiated DNA that was different from undifferentiated DNA that normally forms when egg and sperm fuse together

83
Q

what caused the DNA to be differentiated

A

due to different patterns of chemical modification

84
Q

why did dolly age so quickly

A

because of differentiated DNA

85
Q

what creates a new organism

A

reproductive cloning

86
Q

what creates different tissues using embryonic stem cells

A

therapeutical cloning

87
Q

what is derived from blastocyst

A

pluripotent embryonic stem cells (undifferentiated cells)

88
Q

what gives a rise to all cell types in the body , excluding placenta

A

pluripotent embryonic stem cells

89
Q

what does stem cell divide by

A

mitosis

90
Q

what do stem cells produce

A

another stem cell and differentiated cell

91
Q

what is undifferentiated cell

A

embryonic stem cell and adult stem cells

92
Q

where are adult stem cells found

A

bone marrow

93
Q

give rise to different types of blood cells (red and white) but not to non-blood cells

A

multipotent

94
Q

what cell is derived from morula

A

embryonic cells

95
Q

what is derived from morula

A

totipotent

96
Q

what forms before blastocyst

A

morula

chapter 11 (1 decks)

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