Chapter 11 Flashcards
What was the book of revelation?
A book focused on visions of the end of the world, including disease,war, famine, and death.
What were the four horsemen of the apocalypse as mentioned in the book of revelation?
Disease
War
Famine
Death
Why was the book of revelation popular during the middle ages?
Because of how horrible life was at the time, poor living conditions and the four horsemen were relevant in everyone’s life
What was A representative assembly?
A political institution in which a group of people representing the population or privileged orders within the population of a state come together to debate, negotiate with the executive and legislate. (originally the king or other ruler)
What were national literatures?
Books that in a way defined or represented a nation.
“common reference point for that country’s culture, and provide national identity”
What occurred to the climate of Europe?
From 1000-1300 the climate became warmer than ever
Around 1300-1345 the climate became cold and wet
What famine occurred in Egypt during the same time that Europe experienced the great famine?
The Seven Lean Years
What were the 8 main consequences of the great famine?
- Many homes were abandoned as people wandered in search of food
- Houses were sold for food
- Marriage slowed down because everyone was working, this caused a decrease in population
- The affected blamed the rich, speculators(risk taking investors), and the jews for profiting through their suffering
- Trading slowed to a halt
- The cost of grain, livestock and dairy products rose greatly
- People were more susceptible to disease because of their lean diets
- Workers were less productive because of their lean diets
What group of people was said to be behind the famine?
The Jews, they were said to have poisoned, called them agents of evil and many were tortured, fined and kiled
How did the Black Death arrive in Europe?
Genoese ships, rats with infected flees were aboard
How did the bubonic plague transmit?
Pneumonic transmission meaning that it was transferred between humans through coughing and sneezing
Besides the bubonic plague, what other disease do scientists speculate the black death could’ve been?
Ebola, studied tooth pulp as research
How many people were killed by the black death?
1/3 of Europe’s population
What was a person’s best chance at survival of the plague?
Lancing the “bubos,” that grew
Where did the plague originate?
Southwest China, 1331
Where did the black plague affect?
Eastern and Central Europe, along with the Muslim world
Where did the bubonic plague makes it’s last European appearance?
1721 Marseilles, a French port
What did doctors think caused disease?
Swamps, poisons, corrupted air, or how the stars were aligned.
What were most of doctor’s treatments based on?
purifying air and balancing bodily fluids, which proved somewhat ineffective. One treatment was ringing a church bell to purify air, another were “magic” letter number combos.
What did the clergy do during the black death?
Stayed devoted, buried bodies, cared for the sick and stayed to give prayers, this meant many fell victim to the plague
What were the 7 main effects of the plague?
- Slowed down trade
- Caused inflation
- Opened up job positions because of death
- People became deeply religious
- Flagellants emerged
- Jews became scapegoats
- Caused many new universities to be formed because of priests dying
What is a flagellant?
People who would whip themselves because they thought the plague was god’s punishment.
What was the hundred year war?
(1337-1453) A war between England and France that began slightly before the plague hit, it was the longest war in European history
What were the 2 main causes of the hundred year war?
Disputes over lands and the claim to the French throne
What was the Treaty of Paris and how did it play into the HYW?
A treaty between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France affirmed the Aquitane claim in 1259, but in the 1300s Expansionist France wanted this back and that caused disputes
Where was the hundred year war fought?
Initially the english destroyed French naval fleets invading coast towns, from there on the war was fought in France and the low countries
What innovations made this war different from past medieval conflicts?
- Longbows made it less chivalrous
2. Cannons were used to take down castles
What were the 6 main effects of the hundred year war?
- Population and land of France was ruined
- Taxes were raised
- England lost a ton of money because their losses outweighed their wins
- Technology advanced during the war
- The growth of English parliament was sped up
- Nationalism was promoted in both countries
Who was Joan of Arc?
- A peasant girl who wrote a letter to the King of England telling them to surrender
- She inspired the French in defeating the English and making them retreat from Orleans, and to surrender other towns without fights
- French king made her co-commander of the entire army
- Captured by the Burgundians and later burned at the stake in England
What was wrong about the Babylonian Captivity?
- Luxury was a focus, which was non Christian
- No longer had the historic roots in Rome
Who returned the papacy back to Rome?
Pope Gregory XI
What occurred during the great schism?
-Urban VI was chosen as pope
-He was a horrible Pope
-Cardinals left Rome and declared his
papacy illegitimate and excommunicated him
-Pope Clement VII was elected in Avignon, meaning there were 2 popes
What was the result of the great schism?
- People’s faith in Christianity was weakened
- Countries of Europe were split into who followed which Pope
Who was William of Occam?
Franciscan friar/philosopher, argued against the papacy, and wished for a separation of Church and State
Who was William of Occam?
Franciscan friar/philosopher, argued against the papacy, and wished for a separation of Church and State
What did Marsiglio of Padua think was the ideal balance of Church and State?
- Wanted the state to be a unifying force and the church
- Wanted a group of laymen and priests to be more powerful than the Pope
What were supports of Marsiglio called?
Conciliatrists
What did John Wycliff believe?
The scriptures were the only source of authority, and that alone should be what Christiian practices are based off of.
What were followers of John Wycliff called?
Lollards
What did Jan Hus believe in?
He agreed with John Wycliff and claimed that indulgences were useless and criticized the wealth of the church
What protestant church was inspired by the beliefs of Jan Hus?
Hussite Church
What was the result of the meeting of cardinals at Pisa?
Both the Avignon and Rome Popes were declared illegit and a third Poppe was decided upon
What occurred at the Council of Constance?
- Jan Hus was tried and burned at the stake
- Deposed the Pisa Pope, Isolated the Avignon Pope and declared Martin V the new Pope
What is a Confraternity and why were they formed?
A group of laymen organized by occupation, formed to provide people a different place to practice religion rather than the church, members were not considered heretics
Who was Bridget of Sweden?
- Journeyed to Rome when her husband died,
- Saw visions then gave advice based upon them to other christians
- Made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem where she allegedly saw visions of Mary
Where did the first peasant revolt occur, why and what happened?
- Flanders
- They were forced to pay taxes to outsiders, the french, and to monasteries
- Burned and pillaged the houses of the rich, but were stopped by a French army, and much of their property was taken
What occurred during the Jacquerie?
- French peasants revolted because of big taxes
- Peasants swept the whole nation bringing destruction to the rich with them
- Thousands of “Jacques,” were killed when the revolt was put down
What was the Statute of Laborers?
A law that locked the peasants’ wages and made them have to stay at their manors
What occurred during the English peasant’s revolt?
- Began because of a harsh tax
- It was similar to the Jacquerie, they swept the nation causing destruction and killed the lawmaker who created the tax
How was the English Peasant’s revolt ended?
Richard II tricked the leaders of the revolt into a sense of safety then destroyed them and attempted to bring back serfdom
What emerged that lowered tension between the lower and upper classes?
Capitalism
Who were not permitted to marry?
Journeymen, apprentices anduniversity students
What was the word for having sexual relations with a person of the same sex and what was the punishment?
Sodomy, death by fire, it was so widespread that the punishment was rarely gone actually gone through with
What was fur collar crime?
The wealthy preying on the poor during the aftermath of the Hundred Year’s War
What was the Statute of Kilkenny?
as an English law that stated there was no intermarrying between the English and the Irish, and that the Irish had to speak the English language, dress like them, basically trying to destroy the Irish culture and force the Irish to be like the English
What was the Divine Comedy?
A poem from Dante that described Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise.
What was Canterbury Tales?
- A tale of people traveling to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury, and they all tell stories
- Showcased many behaviors of many different people at the time of writing
