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Chapter 11: interactions between microbes and humans > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Microbiome

A

The complete complement of microorganisms that live in or on humans
commensal or mutualistic

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2
Q

Human microbiome prjoect (HMP)

A

A project of the National Institutes of Health to identify microbial inhabitants of the human body and their role in health and disease; uses metagenomic techniques instead of culturing

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3
Q

microbial antagonism

A

relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism

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4
Q

Factors that weaken host defenses

A 
old age and extreme youth
genetic defects in immunity or aquired
surgery/transplant
chemotherapeutic 
therapy
physical/mental stress
pregnancy or other infections
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5
Q

infectious disease

A

the state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious angent

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6
Q

pathogenicity

A

capacity of microbes to cause disease

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7
Q

True pathogens

A

AKA primary pathogens

capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

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8
Q

opportunistic pathogesn

A

in infection, ordinarily nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic microbes that cause disease primarily in an immunologically compromised host.

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9
Q

virulence

A

in infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells

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10
Q

Microbes virulence is determined by

A

ability to:
establish itself in host
cause damage

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11
Q

virulence factors

A

a microbe’s structures or capabilities that allow it to establish itself in a host and cause damage

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12
Q

polymicrobial

A

involving multiple distinct microorganisms

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13
Q

portal of entry

A

route of entry for an infectious agent; typically a cutaneous or membraneous route

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14
Q

exogenous

A

originating outside the body

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15
Q

endogenous

A

originating inside the body

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16
Q

Examples of portals of entry

A

skin
GI
Respitory
UT

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17
Q

infectious dose (ID)

A

infection will proceed only if minimum number is present

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18
Q

adhesion

A

the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry; often involves a specific interaction between the molecules on the microbial surface and the receptors on the host cell

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19
Q

mechanisms of adhesion

A

fimbria (pili)
adhesion slimes
capsules
surface protiens (receptors)

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20
Q

firm attachment

A

is almost always a prerequisite for causing disease since the body has so many mechanisms for flushing microbes and foreign materials from it’s tissues

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21
Q

phagocyte

A

a class of WBCs capable of engulfing other cells and particles with enzymes and chemicals

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22
Q

leukocidin

A

a heat-labile substance fromed by some pyogenic cocci that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes

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23
Q

Three major ways that microorganisms damage their host

A
  1. directly throug action of enzymes
  2. directly through the action of toxins (both endo and exo)
  3. indirectly by inducing the host’s defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately
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24
Q

exoenzymes

A

an extracellular enzyme cheifly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules that are otherwise impervious to the cell membrane. it functions in saprobic decomposition of organic debris and can be a factor in invasiveness of pathogens

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25
Q

toxin

A

a specific chemical product of microbes, plants and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms

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26
Q

exotoxins

A

a toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target

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27
Q

examples of exotoxins

A

botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, and erythrogenic toxin

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28
Q

hemolyze

A

when red blood cells burst and release hemoglobin pigment

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29
Q

mucinase

A

digests protective coat on mucous membrane and factors in amoebic dysentry

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30
Q

hyaluronidase

A

digests hyaluronic acid the ground substance that cements animal cells together

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31
Q

coagulase

A

enzyme produced by pathogenic staphylococci causes clotting of blood/plasma

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32
Q

necrosis

A

a pathological process in which cells and tissues die and disintegrate

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33
Q

localized infection

A

microbes enter the body, remain confined to a specific tissue

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34
Q

systemic infections

A

infections spreads to several sites and tissue fluids but may travel by other means such as nerves and cerebrospinal fluid

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35
Q

focal infection

A

infectious agent spreads from a local site and is carried to other tissues

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36
Q

mixed infection

A

several agents established themselves simultaneously at the infection site

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37
Q

primary infection

A

the initial infection

38
Q

secondary infection

A

a second infection caused by a different microbe, which influenza complicated by a primary infection, often a result of lowered host immune defenses

39
Q

acute infection

A

infections comes on rapidly with severe but short lived effects

40
Q

chronic infection

A

infections that progresses and persists over a long period of time

41
Q

Pathway of microbe that causes disease

A 
finding a portal entry
attaching firmly
surviving host defenses
causing damage 
exiting host
42
Q

sign

A

any objective evidence

43
Q

symptom

A

any subjective evidence sensed

44
Q

inflammation

A

a natural nonspecific to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage. It stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent

45
Q

edema

A

the accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissue or serous cavaties also called swelling

46
Q

granulomas

A

a solid mass or nodule of imflammatory tissue containing modified macrophages and lymphocytes. usually a chronic pathological process of diseases such as TB

47
Q

lymphadentitis

A

inflammation of one or more lymph nodes

48
Q

leukocytosis

A

an abnormally large number of leukocytes in the blood, which can be indicative of acute infection

49
Q

leukopenia

A

a lower than normal leukocyte count in the blood that can be indicative of blood infection or disease

50
Q

speticemia

A

systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood

51
Q

bacteremia

A

the presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood

52
Q

viremia

A

the presence of viruses in the bloodstreams

53
Q

asymptomatic

A

an infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue

54
Q

subclinical

A

a period of inapparent manifestations that occurs before symptoms and signs of disease appear

55
Q

portal of exit

A

route through which a pathogen departs from the host organism

56
Q

latency

A

the state of being inactive, example: a latent virus or latent infection

57
Q

sequela

A

a morbid complication that follows a disease

58
Q

incubation period

A

the period from the intial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms

59
Q

prodromal stage

A

a short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the period of incubation. It indicates the onset of diseases

60
Q

period of invasion

A

the period during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity and becomes well established in the target tissues

61
Q

convalescence period

A

recovery; the period between the end of a disease and the complete restoration of health in a patient

62
Q

reservoir

A

in disease communication the natural host or habitat of a pathogen

63
Q

examples of reservoirs

A

human or animal

plant, soil or water

64
Q

transmitter

A

the individual or object form which an infection is actually acquired

65
Q

carrier

A

a person who harbors infecctions and inconspicuously spreads the to others. Also, a chemical agent that can accept an atom, chemical radical or subatomic particle from one compound and pass it on to another

66
Q

aysmptomatic carriers

A

infected but show no symptoms of disease

67
Q

incubating carriers

A

spread the infectious disease agent during the incubation period

68
Q

convalescent carriers

A

recuperating patients without symptoms they continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others

69
Q

chronic carriers

A

individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent

70
Q

passive carriers

A

medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle patient materials that are contaminated

71
Q

zoonosis

A

an infectious disease indigenous to animals tha humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals

72
Q

communicable infection

A

capable of being transmitted from one individual to another

73
Q

contagious

A

communicable; transmissible by direct contact with infected people and their fresh secretions or excretions

74
Q

noncommunicable

A

an infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host

75
Q

horizontal transmission

A

disease spread is spread through a population from one infected individual to another

76
Q

vertical transmission

A

disease spread from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta or milk

77
Q

nosocomial infection

A

an infection not present upon admission to a hospital but incurred while being treated there

78
Q

etiological agent

A

the microbial cause of disease; the pathogen

79
Q

koch’s postultes

A

a procedure to establish the specific cause of disease. In all cases of infection: 1 - agent must be found 2- incoculations of a pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals 3- the agent must again be present in the experimental animal; 4 a pure culture must again be obtained

80
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community

81
Q

prevalence

A

the total number of cases of a disease in a certian area and time period

82
Q

incidence

A

in epidemiology, the number of new cases of a disease occurring during a period

83
Q

mortality rate

A

the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular cause or due to all causes

84
Q

morbidity rate

A

number of persons afflicted with infectious disease

85
Q

point source

A

an outbreak of diseas in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen at a single point in time

86
Q

common source epidemic

A

an outbreak of diseas in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen, even if theyuwere exposed at different times

87
Q

propagated epidemic

A

an outbreak of disease in which the causative agent is passed form affected person to new persons over teh course of time

88
Q

index case

A

the first case of a disease identified in an outbreak or epidemic

89
Q

endemic disease

A

a native disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region

90
Q

sporadic

A

description of a disease that exhibits new cases at irregular intervals in unpredictable geographic locales

91
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community

92
Q

pandemic

A

a disease afflicting an increased proportion of the population over a wide geographic area (often worldwide)

Chapter 11: interactions between microbes and humans (1 decks)

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