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Chapter 11: interactions between microbes and humans > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Microbiome

A

The complete complement of microorganisms that live in or on humans
commensal or mutualistic

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2
Q

Human microbiome prjoect (HMP)

A

A project of the National Institutes of Health to identify microbial inhabitants of the human body and their role in health and disease; uses metagenomic techniques instead of culturing

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3
Q

microbial antagonism

A

relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism

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4
Q

Factors that weaken host defenses

A 
old age and extreme youth
genetic defects in immunity or aquired
surgery/transplant
chemotherapeutic 
therapy
physical/mental stress
pregnancy or other infections
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5
Q

infectious disease

A

the state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious angent

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6
Q

pathogenicity

A

capacity of microbes to cause disease

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7
Q

True pathogens

A

AKA primary pathogens

capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

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8
Q

opportunistic pathogesn

A

in infection, ordinarily nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic microbes that cause disease primarily in an immunologically compromised host.

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9
Q

virulence

A

in infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells

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10
Q

Microbes virulence is determined by

A

ability to:
establish itself in host
cause damage

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11
Q

virulence factors

A

a microbe’s structures or capabilities that allow it to establish itself in a host and cause damage

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12
Q

polymicrobial

A

involving multiple distinct microorganisms

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13
Q

portal of entry

A

route of entry for an infectious agent; typically a cutaneous or membraneous route

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14
Q

exogenous

A

originating outside the body

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15
Q

endogenous

A

originating inside the body

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16
Q

Examples of portals of entry

A

skin
GI
Respitory
UT

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17
Q

infectious dose (ID)

A

infection will proceed only if minimum number is present

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18
Q

adhesion

A

the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry; often involves a specific interaction between the molecules on the microbial surface and the receptors on the host cell

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19
Q

mechanisms of adhesion

A

fimbria (pili)
adhesion slimes
capsules
surface protiens (receptors)

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20
Q

firm attachment

A

is almost always a prerequisite for causing disease since the body has so many mechanisms for flushing microbes and foreign materials from it’s tissues

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21
Q

phagocyte

A

a class of WBCs capable of engulfing other cells and particles with enzymes and chemicals

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22
Q

leukocidin

A

a heat-labile substance fromed by some pyogenic cocci that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes

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23
Q

Three major ways that microorganisms damage their host

A
  1. directly throug action of enzymes
  2. directly through the action of toxins (both endo and exo)
  3. indirectly by inducing the host’s defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately
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24
Q

exoenzymes

A

an extracellular enzyme cheifly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules that are otherwise impervious to the cell membrane. it functions in saprobic decomposition of organic debris and can be a factor in invasiveness of pathogens

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25
toxin
a specific chemical product of microbes, plants and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms
26
exotoxins
a toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target
27
examples of exotoxins
botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, and erythrogenic toxin
28
hemolyze
when red blood cells burst and release hemoglobin pigment
29
mucinase
digests protective coat on mucous membrane and factors in amoebic dysentry
30
hyaluronidase
digests hyaluronic acid the ground substance that cements animal cells together
31
coagulase
enzyme produced by pathogenic staphylococci causes clotting of blood/plasma
32
necrosis
a pathological process in which cells and tissues die and disintegrate
33
localized infection
microbes enter the body, remain confined to a specific tissue
34
systemic infections
infections spreads to several sites and tissue fluids but may travel by other means such as nerves and cerebrospinal fluid
35
focal infection
infectious agent spreads from a local site and is carried to other tissues
36
mixed infection
several agents established themselves simultaneously at the infection site
37
primary infection
the initial infection
38
secondary infection
a second infection caused by a different microbe, which influenza complicated by a primary infection, often a result of lowered host immune defenses
39
acute infection
infections comes on rapidly with severe but short lived effects
40
chronic infection
infections that progresses and persists over a long period of time
41
Pathway of microbe that causes disease
``` finding a portal entry attaching firmly surviving host defenses causing damage exiting host ```
42
sign
any objective evidence
43
symptom
any subjective evidence sensed
44
inflammation
a natural nonspecific to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage. It stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent
45
edema
the accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissue or serous cavaties also called swelling
46
granulomas
a solid mass or nodule of imflammatory tissue containing modified macrophages and lymphocytes. usually a chronic pathological process of diseases such as TB
47
lymphadentitis
inflammation of one or more lymph nodes
48
leukocytosis
an abnormally large number of leukocytes in the blood, which can be indicative of acute infection
49
leukopenia
a lower than normal leukocyte count in the blood that can be indicative of blood infection or disease
50
speticemia
systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood
51
bacteremia
the presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood
52
viremia
the presence of viruses in the bloodstreams
53
asymptomatic
an infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue
54
subclinical
a period of inapparent manifestations that occurs before symptoms and signs of disease appear
55
portal of exit
route through which a pathogen departs from the host organism
56
latency
the state of being inactive, example: a latent virus or latent infection
57
sequela
a morbid complication that follows a disease
58
incubation period
the period from the intial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms
59
prodromal stage
a short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the period of incubation. It indicates the onset of diseases
60
period of invasion
the period during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity and becomes well established in the target tissues
61
convalescence period
recovery; the period between the end of a disease and the complete restoration of health in a patient
62
reservoir
in disease communication the natural host or habitat of a pathogen
63
examples of reservoirs
human or animal | plant, soil or water
64
transmitter
the individual or object form which an infection is actually acquired
65
carrier
a person who harbors infecctions and inconspicuously spreads the to others. Also, a chemical agent that can accept an atom, chemical radical or subatomic particle from one compound and pass it on to another
66
aysmptomatic carriers
infected but show no symptoms of disease
67
incubating carriers
spread the infectious disease agent during the incubation period
68
convalescent carriers
recuperating patients without symptoms they continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others
69
chronic carriers
individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent
70
passive carriers
medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle patient materials that are contaminated
71
zoonosis
an infectious disease indigenous to animals tha humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals
72
communicable infection
capable of being transmitted from one individual to another
73
contagious
communicable; transmissible by direct contact with infected people and their fresh secretions or excretions
74
noncommunicable
an infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host
75
horizontal transmission
disease spread is spread through a population from one infected individual to another
76
vertical transmission
disease spread from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta or milk
77
nosocomial infection
an infection not present upon admission to a hospital but incurred while being treated there
78
etiological agent
the microbial cause of disease; the pathogen
79
koch's postultes
a procedure to establish the specific cause of disease. In all cases of infection: 1 - agent must be found 2- incoculations of a pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals 3- the agent must again be present in the experimental animal; 4 a pure culture must again be obtained
80
epidemiology
the study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community
81
prevalence
the total number of cases of a disease in a certian area and time period
82
incidence
in epidemiology, the number of new cases of a disease occurring during a period
83
mortality rate
the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular cause or due to all causes
84
morbidity rate
number of persons afflicted with infectious disease
85
point source
an outbreak of diseas in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen at a single point in time
86
common source epidemic
an outbreak of diseas in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen, even if theyuwere exposed at different times
87
propagated epidemic
an outbreak of disease in which the causative agent is passed form affected person to new persons over teh course of time
88
index case
the first case of a disease identified in an outbreak or epidemic
89
endemic disease
a native disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region
90
sporadic
description of a disease that exhibits new cases at irregular intervals in unpredictable geographic locales
91
epidemic
a sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community
92
pandemic
a disease afflicting an increased proportion of the population over a wide geographic area (often worldwide)

Chapter 11: interactions between microbes and humans (1 decks)

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