Chapter 11 (4.1.1)

Question 1

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 1

Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

Question 2

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 2

Containing only single bonds

Question 3

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 3

Contains at least one carbon-to-carbon multiple bond

Question 4

What is a homologous series?

Answer 4

A series of compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 5

IUPAC

Answer 5

• international union of pure and applied chemistry
• allows the clear communication of chemistry
• developed a systematic framework for chemical nomenclature

Question 6

Define aliphatic

Answer 6

Carbon atoms joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

Question 7

Define alicyclic

Answer 7

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in non-aromatic rings (cyclic), with or without branches

Question 8

Define aromatic

Answer 8

Some or all of carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 9

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

Answer 9

Alkanes - single C-C bonds
Alkenes - at least one double C=C bond
Alkynes - at least one triple CC bond

Question 10

Stem, prefix, suffix

Answer 10

Stem: indicates number of C atoms in the longest continuous chain
Prefix: before stem - indicates presence of side chains or a functional group
Suffix: after stem - indicates dominant functional groups

Question 11

What is an alkyl group?

Answer 11

(CnH2n+1) side chain/branch formed by removing a H atom from an alkane parent chain, e.g. CH3, usually represented by -R

Question 12

Functional groups for alkene, alcohol, haloalkane, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, acyl chloride, amine, nitrile

Answer 12

Alkene: C=C
Alcohol: -OH
Haloalkane: -Cl, -Br, -I
Aldehyde: -CHO
Ketone: -C(CO)C-
Carboxylic acid: -COOH
Ester: -COOC
Acyl chloride: -COCl
Amine: -NH2
Nitrile: CN

Question 13

Suffixes for alkene, alcohol, haloalkane, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, acyl chloride, amine, nitrile

Answer 13

Alkene: -ene
Alcohol: -ol
Haloalkane:
Aldehyde: -al
Ketone: -one
Carboxylic acid: -oic acid
Ester: -oate
Acyl chloride: -oyl chloride
Amine: -amine
Nitrile: -nitrile

Question 14

Prefixes for alcohol, haloalkane, amine

Answer 14

Alcohol: hydroxy-
Haloalkane: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
Amine: amino-

Question 15

What is general formula for alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones?

Answer 15

Alkanes: CnH2n+2
Alkenes: CnH2n
Alcohols: CnH2n+1OH
Carboxylic acids: CnH2nO2
Ketones: CnH2nO

Question 16

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 16

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Question 17

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 17

A covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond, forming two radicals.

Question 18

What is a radical?

Answer 18

An atom or group of atoms (a species) with an unpaired electron. Shown by •

Question 19

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 19

A covalent bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond. Forms a negative and positive ion.

Question 20

What is a reaction mechanism?

Answer 20

The sequence of bond-breaking and bond-forming steps that shows the path taken by electrons during a reaction.

Question 21

Addition, substitution and elimination reactions

Answer 21

Addition: 2 reactants join together to form one product
Substitution: an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
Elimination: involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one.