Chapter 11

Question 1

physical definition of sounds

Answer 1

pressure changes in air or other medium

Question 2

perceptual definition of sounds

Answer 2

sound is experience we have when we hear something

Question 3

condensation

Answer 3

diaphragm of the speaker moves, pushing air molecules together - increase in pressure

Question 4

rarefaction

Answer 4

Diaphragm also moves in, pulling the air molecules apart - decrease in pressure

Question 5

amplitude

Answer 5

difference in pressure between high and low peaks of wave

Question 6

perception of amplitude

Answer 6

loudness

Question 7

Decibel

Answer 7

Measure of loudness

Question 8

Number of decibels

Answer 8

20 Logarithm

Question 9

Frequency

Answer 9

number of cycles within a given time period, measured in hertz

Question 10

perception of pitch

Answer 10

related to frequency

Question 11

Tone height

Answer 11

increase in pitch when frequency is increased

Question 12

periodic tones

Answer 12

pure and complex tones

Question 13

harmonics

Answer 13

periodic complex tones that consist of a number of pure tones, additional harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency.

Question 14

additive synthesis

Answer 14

process of adding harmonics to create complex sounds

Question 15

Frequency spectrum

Answer 15

display of harmonics of a complex sound

Question 16

Fundamental frequency

Answer 16

repetition rate - first harmonic

Question 17

Audibility Curve

Answer 17

shows threshold of hearing in relation to frequency

Question 18

20 - 20,000 Hz

Answer 18

human hearing range

Question 19

changes to curve

Answer 19

show humans are most sensitive to 2,000- 4,000 Hz

Question 20

Auditory response area

Answer 20

between audibility curve and threshold of feeling

Question 21

1,000 Hz

Answer 21

equal loudness curve is standard, everyone can typically hear this

Question 22

Timbre

Answer 22

all other perceptual aspects of a sound besides loudness, pitch and duration

Question 23

attack of tones

Answer 23

build of sound at the beginning of a tone

Question 24

decay of tones

Answer 24

decrease in sound at end of tone

Question 25

outer ear

Answer 25

pinna and auditory canal- funnel and focus of sounds

Question 26

Pinna

Answer 26

helps with sound location

Question 27

Auditory canal

Answer 27

amplify sounds so when it hits the ear drum, sounds will still be perceived

Question 28

resonant frequency of canal

Answer 28

amplifies frequencies between 1,000 and 5,000 Hz

Question 29

middle ear

Answer 29

separates inner and outer ear, filled with

Question 30

ossicles

Answer 30

three tiny bones in middle ear, act to amplify the vibration for better transmission to the fluid

Question 31

Malleus

Answer 31

moves due to vibration of tympanic membrane

Question 32

Incus

Answer 32

Transmits vibration of malleus

Question 33

Stapes

Answer 33

transmit vibrations of incus to the inner ear via the oval window of the cochlea

Question 34

tympanic membrane

Answer 34

eardrum, moves the tiny bones when pressure hits

Question 35

outer and inner ear

Answer 35

filled with air

Question 36

main structure of nine ear

Answer 36

cochlea

Question 37

cochlea

Answer 37

fluid filled snail like structure (35mm long) set into vibration by steps

Question 38

scala vestibuli

Answer 38

lies superior to the cochlea, abuts the oval window

Question 39

scala tympani

Answer 39

divided from vestibule by cochlear partition

Question 40

choclear partition

Answer 40

extends from the base (stapes end) to the ape (far end)

Question 41

basilar membrane

Answer 41

vibrates in response to sound and supports the organ of Corti

Question 42

hair cells

Answer 42

inner and outer are the receptors for hearing

Question 43

tectorial membrane

Answer 43

extends over the hair cells

Question 44

transduction

Answer 44

Cilia bends in response to movement of organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane- stimuli to electricity, doesn't start until hitting the oval window

Question 45

Bekeseys Place Theory of Hearing

Answer 45

perception of sounds depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.

Question 46

tonotopic map

Answer 46

cochlea shows orderly map of frequencies along its length

Question 47

apex

Answer 47

responds best to low frequencies

Question 48

base

Answer 48

responds best to high frequencies

Question 49

Pure tones used

Answer 49

to determine the threshold for specific frequencies

Question 50

tuning curves

Answer 50

plotting thresholds for frequencies