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Immunology 11 (hypersensitivity > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity

A

Release of mediators from the mast cells

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2
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

Mediated by antibodies

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3
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A

Mediated by immune complexes

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4
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A

Mediated by T cells

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5
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivity / AKA (Allergy or Atopy)

A

Reaction to certain antigens that is mediated by IgE antibody and mast cells

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6
Q

Common types of these reactions

A

Hay fever, food allergies, bronchial asthma, & anaphylaxis

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7
Q
  1. Sequence of events in immediate hypersensitivity
A

Activation of TH2 cells and production of IgE antibodies

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8
Q

Antigens that elicit immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions are called

A

Allergens

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9
Q

What does TH2 cells secrete

A

cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and stimulate B lymphocytes specific for the foreign antigens to switch to IgE-producing plasma cells

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10
Q

Individuals produce large amounts of IgE antibody in response to antigens that do not elicit IgE responses in other people.

A

Atopic

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11
Q

Strong familial predisposition for Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions; this predisposition is genetically determined.

A

Atopy

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12
Q
  1. Sequence of events in immediate hypersensitivity
A

Activation of mast cells.

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13
Q

Process of coating mast cells with IgE

A

Sensitization
Coating with IgE specific for an antigen makes mast cells sensitive to activation by a subsequent encounter with that antigen*

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14
Q

Where are mast cells present?

A

In all connective tissues (esp. under epithelia), and these cells are usually located adjacent to blood vessels

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15
Q

Route of allergen entry determines which mast cells are activated by cross-linking of allergen-specific IgE.

A

(i) inhaled allergens activate mast cells in submucosal tissues of bronchus; (ii) ingested allergens activate mast cells in wall of intestine.

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16
Q
  1. Sequence of events in immediate hypersensitivity
A

FcεRI, high-affinity receptor for IgE, consists of 3 polypeptides.

17
Q

Where does the one polypeptide bind?

A

Fc portion of ε heavy chain very strongly

18
Q

What are the other two chains of the receptor?

A

Signaling proteins.

19
Q

Mast cells are always?

A

Coated with IgE bound to FcεRI

20
Q
  1. Sequence of events in immediate hypersensitivity
A

When mast cells sensitized by IgE are exposed to allergen, the cells are activated to secrete mediators.

21
Q

Signals lead to three types of responses in the mast cell

A

(i) rapid release of granule contents (degranulation), (ii) synthesis and secretion of lipid mediators, and (iii) synthesis and secretion of cytokines.

22
Q

Most important mediators produced by mast cells

A

vasoactive amines and proteases stored in and released from granules; secreted products of arachidonic acid metabolism; and cytokines

23
Q

causes dilation of small blood vessels; increases vascular permeability; stimulates transient contraction of smooth muscles.

A

Preformed vasoamines (e.g., histamine)

24
Q

damage local tissues.

A

Preformed proteases

25
Q

prostaglandins (cause vascular dilation) and leukotrienes (stimulate prolonged smooth muscle contraction).

A

Arachidonic acid metabolites

26
Q

induce local inflammation.

A

Cytokines

27
Q

produced by mast cells stimulate recruitment of leukocytes (cause late-phase reaction) – principal leukocytes involved are eosinophils, neutrophils, and TH2 cells

A

Cytokines

28
Q

liberate proteases that cause tissue damage

A

Eosinophils and neutrophils

29
Q

exacerbate reaction by producing more cytokines

A

TH2 cells

30
Q

infiltration of tissues with eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, and CD4+ T cells as well as tissue destruction, typically in the form of mucosal epithelial cell damage.

A

Histology

31
Q

Preformed mediators in secretory granules

A

Histamine & Lysosomal enzymes

32
Q

increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction

A

Histamine

33
Q

breakdown extracellular matrix proteins; tissue damage

A

Lysosomal enzymes (chymotryptase, tryptase, and other proteases)

34
Q

Newly synthesized

A

Arachidonic acid metabolites, lipid mediators (leukotrienes & prostaglandins) & Cytokines

35
Q

IL-4 & IL-13 (promote TH2 differentiation and IgE production); TNF-α (promotes tissue inflammation)

A

Cytokines

36
Q

increase vascular permeability; cause smooth muscle contraction; stimulates mucus secretion; chemoattractants for T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils.

A

Arachidonic acid metabolites, lipid mediators (leukotrienes & prostaglandins)

Immunology 11 (hypersensitivity (1 decks)

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